Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34290290›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Genetic overlap and causal associations between smoking behaviours and mental health.

Wikus Barkhuizen, Frank Dudbridge, Angelica Ronald

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Guideline
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  5. Smoking in Substance Use Disorder Patients: Prevalence, Comorbidities, Impulsivity, and Patterns of Readiness to Change.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Observational
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  16. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Wikus BarkhuizenCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
Frank DudbridgeDepartment of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Angelica RonaldCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK. a.ronald@bbk.ac.uk.

Funding

Medical Research Council G1100559Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_PC_19009Medical Research Council MR/M021475/1Medical Research Council MR/S037055/1Wellcome Trust 102215/2/13/2Wellcome Trust 204770/Z/16/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is a modifiable behaviour associated with mental health. We investigated the degree of genetic overlap between smoking behaviours and psychiatric traits and disorders, and whether genetic associations exist beyond genetic influences shared with confounding variables (cannabis and alcohol use, risk-taking and insomnia). Second, we investigated the presence of causal associations between smoking initiation and psychiatric traits and disorders. We found significant genetic correlations between smoking and psychiatric disorders and adult psychotic experiences. When genetic influences on known covariates were controlled for, genetic associations between most smoking behaviours and schizophrenia and depression endured (but not with bipolar disorder or most psychotic experiences). Mendelian randomization results supported a causal role of smoking initiation on psychiatric disorders and adolescent cognitive and negative psychotic experiences, although not consistently across all sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, smoking and psychiatric disorders share genetic influences that cannot be attributed to covariates such as risk-taking, insomnia or other substance use. As such, there may be some common genetic pathways underlying smoking and psychiatric disorders. In addition, smoking may play a causal role in vulnerability for mental illness.

Indexed as

Genome-Wide Association StudyFemaleHumansMaleMendelian Randomization AnalysisMental DisordersSmoking

Identifiers

PMID34290290
PMCPMC8295327

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.