ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2021
Social inequalities in the surrounding areas of food deserts and food swamps in a Brazilian metropolis.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations between food deserts, food swamps, and ultra-processed food intake in childhood.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2026Article
- Inequalities in access to food in Brazil: a scoping review with a racial and gender focus and policy recommendations.Cadernos de saude publica · 2026Article
- Food environment in Brazil: food deserts and food swamps in large urban cities.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Social determinants impact both viral infections and brain development.Pediatric research · 2025Review
- Food and Nutrition Security in the context of structural inequities: insights from Brazilian favelas.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Ethnic-Racial Disparities in Food Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Inequities in Food Access and Availability.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Food Swamps and Transportation Access: Intersecting Structural Determinants of Food Shopping and Access in Marginalized Urban Communities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- What Is There to Buy? An Analysis of the Food Environment in Public and Private Schools in the Federal District.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Residential and School Food Swamps and Overweight in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in Urban Brazil.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- EAT-Lancet Diet Components Acquisition According to Food Insecurity and Poverty Status in Brazil: An Analysis of National Household Budget Survey 2017-2018.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Association of Maternal Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods with Feeding Practices and Malnutrition in Breastfed Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Neighborhood Vulnerability and the Consumer Food Environment in an Urban Area.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Association Between the Food Environment Around Schools and Food Consumption of Adolescents in Large and Small Municipalities in Southern Brazil.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The community food environment as an effect modifier of the relationship between racial discrimination and food insecurity among adults in Southern Brazil.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Rethinking the Social Determination of Food in Chile Through Practices and Interactions of Actors in Food Environments: Nonexperimental, Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Determinants of food insecurity among adults residing in peri-urban municipal settings in Flanders, Belgium.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Social Determinants of Health in Cardio-Oncology: Multi-Level Strategies to Overcome Disparities in Care:JACC. CardioOncology · 2024Review
- The use of food processing terminology in Australian news media: a content analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of a Nutrition Counseling Intervention on Food Consumption, According to the Degree of Processing: A Community-Based Non-Randomized Trial of Quilombola Communities in South Brazil.International journal of public health · 2024Article
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Abstract
backgroundFood deserts are neighborhoods with little or no access to healthy food, whereas food swamps are neighborhoods where unhealthy food options prevail over healthy ones. The main aims of the current study are to feature and compare the neighborhoods of food deserts and food swamps based on social inequality.
methodsEcological study carried out in Belo Horizonte City, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Information about commercial food establishments derived from two different databases. It was measured by secondary governmental databases, which were virtually conferred in the present study. Census tracts were considered as analysis units and classified as food deserts and food swamps, based on the Brazilian methodology. Take into consideration the density of establishments classified as selling fresh or minimally-processed food, mixed establishments, and establishments selling ultra-processed food. The Brazilian methodology evaluates food deserts by the density of healthy establishments (establishments classified as mostly selling fresh or minimally-processed food and mixed establishments) per 10 thousand inhabitants. And the metric to evaluate food swamps considers the density of unhealthy establishments (establishments mostly selling ultra-processed food) per 10 thousand inhabitants. Information about social inequalities comprised aspects such as income, population count, number of households, number of literate individuals, race, water and energy supply, and garbage collection. The Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) was used as a synthetic social vulnerability indicator.
resultsNeighborhoods of food deserts presented worse essential service availability, lower income per capita, and smaller mean number of literate individuals. Census tracts classified as food swamps presented better socio-demographic conditions than those areas food deserts. Neighborhoods simultaneously classified as food deserts and food swamps presented lower income per capita and were more often observed in census sectors presenting medium and high HVI.
conclusionThe food environment in Belo Horizonte was featured by the strong presence of food deserts and food swamps. However, the potential influence of these areas on food intake has changed depending on social inequalities.
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