ReviewJournal of neuroscience research2021
A role for T-cell exhaustion in Long COVID-19 and severe outcomes for several categories of COVID-19 patients.
Review in Journal of neuroscience research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of HBV infection on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Pooled it
- The link between Toxoplasma gondii infections and higher mortality in COVID-19 patients having schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- From infection to intervention: post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular risk.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Review
- T Cell Exhaustion in Allergic Diseases and Allergen Immunotherapy: A Novel Biomarker?Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Perspective: host factors variants and the underlying causes of long COVID.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Risk of hematologic malignancies following herpes zoster after COVID-19: a global cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Revisiting lung cancer immunotherapy in the era of long COVID: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Comparative cohort study of post-acute COVID-19 infection with a nested, randomized controlled trial of ivabradine for those with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (the COVIVA study).Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Long COVID Is Not a Functional Neurologic Disorder.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Heat shock protein 90α reduces CD8Cell death discovery · 2024Article
- Genetic diversity and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in COVID‑19 patients; a first case-control study in Iran.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- A follow-up study of post-COVID-19 syndrome in hospitalized children with Omicron variant infection in Wuhan.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Induce Exhaustion-Like CD8International journal of biological sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Deep Phenotyping of Neurologic Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2023Observational
- Article
- Review
- The role of polyspecific T-cell exhaustion in severe outcomes for COVID-19 patients having latent pathogen infections such as Toxoplasmagondii.Microbial pathogenesis · 2021Article
- l-Arginine and COVID-19: An Update.Nutrients · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unusual mortality rate differences and symptoms have been experienced by COVID-19 patients, and the postinfection symptoms called Long COVID-19 have also been widely experienced. A substantial percentage of COVID-19-infected individuals in specific health categories have been virtually asymptomatic, several other individuals in the same health categories have exhibited several unusual symptoms, and yet other individuals in the same health categories have fatal outcomes. It is now hypothesized that these differences in mortality rates and symptoms could be caused by a SARS-CoV-2 virus infection acting together with one or more latent pathogen infections in certain patients, through mutually beneficial induced immune cell dysfunctions, including T-cell exhaustion. A latent pathogen infection likely to be involved is the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately one third of the global human population. Furthermore, certain infections and cancers that cause T-cell exhaustion can also explain the more severe outcomes of other COVID-19 patients having several disease and cancer comorbidities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.