ReviewJAC-antimicrobial resistance2021
Metrics for evaluating antibiotic use and prescribing in outpatient settings.
Review in JAC-antimicrobial resistance, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Dental Antibiotic Stewardship Interventions.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative Trends in Human and Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption in the European Union, 2019-2024.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Development of AWaRe-Based Quality Indicators to Assess the Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Healthcare in South Africa.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comparison between model global AWaRe-based quality indicators and quality indicators developed to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in primary healthcare in South Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Spatial pattern and risk factors of resistance to important antibiotics amongAntimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Consumption and Utilisation in Zambia: Results from the Analysis of National Data for the Human and Animal Health Sectors.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinical impact of an antibiotic stewardship program in a neonatal intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital: a prospective quasi-experimental clinical study.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2025Article
- Development and assessment of the outpatient module of the Global-PPS: a standardized approach for measuring outpatient antimicrobial prescribing.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Antibiotic Prescribing by Dental Practitioners Across the United Kingdom's Four Countries: A Pharmacoepidemiological Study of Population-Level Dispensing Data, 2016-2023.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Prescription Trends in Dentistry: A Descriptive Study Using Japan's National Database.Journal of public health dentistry · 2025Article
- Significant reduction in antibiotic prescription rates in Japan following implementation of the national action plan on antimicrobial resistance (2016-20): a 9-year interrupted time-series analysis.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Antibiotic use in Barcelona in 2023 in primary care and the potential reduction by adjusting box sizes to current guidelines.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2024Article
- Appropriateness of intended antibiotic prescribing using clinical case vignettes in primary care, and related factors.The European journal of general practice · 2024Article
- Optimal Pediatric Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Patterns and Drivers of Antifungal Prescribing in Acute Leukemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Stewardship in Pediatric Emergency Medicine: A Narrative Exploration of Antibiotic Overprescribing, Stewardship Interventions, and Performance Metrics.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Five steps to high quality antimicrobial stewardship research.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Article
- Regional and national antimicrobial stewardship activities: a survey from the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance-Primary Care Antibiotic Audit and Feedback Network (JPIAMR-PAAN).JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship interventions in outpatient settings are diverse and a variety of outcomes have been used to evaluate these efforts. This narrative review describes, compares and provides specific examples of antibiotic use and other prescribing measures to help antimicrobial stewards better understand, interpret and implement metrics for this setting. A variety of data have been used including those generated from drug sales, prescribing and dispensing activities, however data generated closest to when an individual patient consumes an antibiotic is usually more accurate for estimating antibiotic use. Availability of data is often dependent on context such as information technology infrastructure and the healthcare system under consideration. While there is no ideal antibiotic use or prescribing metric for evaluating antimicrobial stewardship activities in the outpatient setting, the intervention of interest and available data sources are important factors. Common metrics for estimating antimicrobial use include DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) and days of therapy per 1000 inhabitants/day (DOTID). Other prescribing metrics such as antibiotic prescribing rate (APR), proportion of prescriptions containing an antibiotic, proportion of prolonged antibiotic courses prescribed, estimated appropriate APR and quality indicators are used to assess specific aspects of antimicrobial prescribing behaviour such as initiation, selection, duration and appropriateness. Understanding the context of prescribing practices helps to ensure feasibility and relevance when implementing metrics and targets for improvement in the outpatient setting.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.