ReviewAllergy & rhinology (Providence, R.I.)
Diagnosis of Anosmia and Hyposmia: A Systematic Review.
Review in Allergy & rhinology (Providence, R.I.). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neural Changes in Patients with Post-Traumatic Anosmia: Insights from Resting-State fMRI.Journal of biomedical physics & engineering · 2026Article
- A Case of Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus Presenting as Isolated Hyposmia.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Utility of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements in Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2026Article
- A Prefrontal Neuromodulation Route for Post-Traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction: A Perspective Supported by Recovery During Left-DLPFC rTMS.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Long-term follow-up of autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation for congenital olfactory disorders in children.World journal of stem cells · 2025Article
- Intranasal insulin for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Olfactory Dysfunction and Glaucoma.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Assessment of anosmia/hyposmia in post-COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study in an eastern province of Saudi Arabia.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2023Article
- Follow-up of pre-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in adult patients with Gaucher disease type 1 and analysis of their lysosomal enzyme profiles in the CSF.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2023Article
- Olfactory Impairment Is the Main Predictor of Higher Scores at REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire in Parkinson's Disease Patients.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a scoping review of assessment and rehabilitation approaches.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- A 32-Year-Old Man with Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction Following COVID-19 Whose Recovery Was Evaluated by Retronasal Olfactory Testing.The American journal of case reports · 2022Article
- Olfactory dysfunction in people with cystic fibrosis with at least one copy of F508del.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2022Article
- Assessment and Scientific Progresses in the Analysis of Olfactory Evoked Potentials.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Illicit Drug Use and Smell and Taste Dysfunction: A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Used in Olfactory Training: Focus on COVID-19 Induced Olfactory Dysfunction.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnosmia and hyposmia have many etiologies, including trauma, chronic sinusitis, neoplasms, and respiratory viral infections such as rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to systematically review the literature on the diagnostic evaluation of anosmia/hyposmia.
methodsPubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published since January 1990 using terms combined with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). We included articles evaluating diagnostic modalities for anosmia, written in the English language, used original data, and had two or more patients.
resultsA total of 2065 unique titles were returned upon the initial search. Of these, 226 abstracts were examined, yielding 27 full-text articles meeting inclusion criteria (Level of evidence ranging from 1 to 4; most level 2). The studies included a total of 13,577 patients. The most utilized diagnostic tools were orthonasal smell tests (such as the Sniffin' Sticks and the UPSIT, along with validated abridged smell tests). Though various imaging modalities (including MRI and CT) were frequently mentioned in the workup of olfactory dysfunction, routine imaging was not used to primarily diagnose smell loss.
conclusionThe literature includes several studies on validity and reliability for various smell tests in diagnosing anosmia. Along with a thorough history and physical, validated orthonasal smell tests should be part of the workup of the patient with suspected olfactory dysfunction. The most widely studied modality was MRI, but criteria for the timing and sequence of imaging modalities was heterogenous.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.