ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2021
School nutrition laws in the US: do they influence obesity among youth in a racially/ethnically diverse state?
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nutrition items regulated by school nutrition policies in the USA and academic performance: a review of the non-policy literature.Public health nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- "Competitive" food and beverage policies and weight status: A systematic review of the evidence among sociodemographic subgroups.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence of Use of Mobile Food Delivery Services During School Hours in the United States: Survey Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Digital food environments and youth diet: What's next for school nutrition policies?PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Disseminating and Implementing the Science of Pediatric Obesity Treatment and Prevention.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Article
- Using implementation mapping to optimize the impact of Universal School meals: a type III hybrid implementation-effectiveness study protocol.Implementation science communications · 2025Article
- The Impact of Federal and State Laws on Cardiovascular Risk.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Understanding implementation determinants of universal school meals through an equity-driven mixed methods approach.Implementation science communications · 2025Article
- "Competitive" Food and Beverage Laws and Obesity Among Diverse Youth in California High Schools.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Article
- Improving Behavioral Healthcare Access Disparities by Training Providers in Disadvantaged Communities - Evidence of Strategy Effectiveness.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Observational
- Temporal Patterns in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Children and Adolescents in California.Preventing chronic disease · 2024Article
- Obesity prevention across the US: A review of state-level policies from 2009 to 2019.Obesity science & practice · 2023Article
- Factors impacting implementation of nutrition and physical activity policies in rural schools.BMC public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesLittle is known about the separate or combined effects of state and national nutrition policies regulating food and beverages in schools on child overweight/obesity (OV/OB) and related racial/ethnic disparities. We investigated the influence of school nutrition policies enacted in California, independently and in combination with the United States' national policy "Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act" (HHFKA) on childhood OV/OB and racial/ethnic disparities. SUBJECTS/
methodsAn interrupted time series design was used with data from 12,363,089 child-level records on 5th- and 7th-graders in California public schools to estimate sex- and racial/ethnic-specific time trends in OV/OB prevalence during three periods: before the California nutrition policies (2002-2004); when only California policies were in effect (2005-2012); and when they were in effect simultaneously with HHFKA (2013-2016).
resultsBefore the state's policies, OV/OB prevalence increased annually among children in most subgroups. Improvements in OV/OB trends were observed for almost all groups after the California policies were in effect, with further improvements after the addition of HFFKA. The total change in annual log-odds of OV/OB, comparing the periods with both state and federal policies versus no policies, ranged from -0.08 to -0.01 and varied by grade, sex, and race/ethnicity. Within each sex and grade, the greatest changes were among African-American (-0.08 to -0.02, all p < 0.05) followed by Latino children (-0.06 to -0.01, all p < 0.05). Although disparities narrowed among these groups versus White children after the dual policy period, disparities remained large.
conclusionsState and national nutrition policies for schools may have contributed to containing the upward trend in childhood OV/OB and racial/ethnic OV/OB disparities within California. However, sizable OV/OB prevalence and disparities persist. To end the epidemic, promote healthy weight and increase health equity, future efforts should strengthen state and national policies to improve food quality in schools, particularly those serving populations with the highest OV/OB prevalence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.