SynthesisScientific reports2021
Probing cerebellar involvement in cognition through a meta-analysis of TMS evidence.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A bias-accounting meta-analytic approach refines and expands the cerebellar behavioral topography.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The Role of the Human Cerebellum for Learning from and Processing of External Feedback in Non-Motor Learning: A Systematic Review.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- Electrical stimulation of the cerebellum facilitates automatic but not controlled word retrieval.Brain structure & function · 2023Trial
- Temporal Pattern-Dependent Cerebellar Involvement in Conflict Processing: An Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Article
- The cerebro-cerebellar system: Integrative roles in motor control, cognition, and neuropsychiatric disorders.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Article
- An update on the effects of cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- The cerebellar components of the human language network.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Temporal prediction and feedforward control in cerebellar ataxia during spontaneous, instructed, and adaptive auditory-motor coupling while walking.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effects of Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at Different Frequencies on Working Memory: An EEG Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- A bias-accounting meta-analytic approach refines and expands the cerebellar behavioral topography.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Continuous theta burst stimulation to the medial posterior cerebellum impairs reversal learning in healthy volunteers.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation for bipolar disorder: Safety, tolerability, mood and cognitive effects.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (2024) · 2025Article
- Cerebellar Functions Beyond Movement and Learning.Annual review of neuroscience · 2024Review
- The Past, Current and Future Research in Cerebellar TMS Evoked Responses-A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Re-examining the Mysterious Role of the Cerebellum in Pain.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Cerebellar non-invasive stimulation of social and emotional mentalizing: A meta-analysis.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Review
- Effects of Combined Intervention of rTMS and Neurotransmitter Drugs on the Brain Functional Networks in Patients with Cognitive Impairment.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- The Human Cerebellum as a Hub of the Predictive Brain.Brain sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traditionally, the cerebellum has been linked to motor coordination, but growing evidence points to its involvement in a wide range of non-motor functions. Though the number of studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate cerebellar involvement in cognitive processes is growing exponentially, these findings have not yet been synthesized in a meta-analysis. Here, we used meta-analysis to estimate the effects of cerebellar TMS on performance in cognitive tasks for healthy participants. Outcomes included participants' accuracy and response times (RTs) of several non-motor tasks performed either during or after the administration of TMS. We included overall 41 studies, of which 44 single experiments reported effects on accuracy and 41 on response times (RTs). The meta-analyses showed medium effect sizes (for accuracy: d = 0.61 [95% CI = 0.48, .073]; for RTs: d = 0.40 [95% CI = 0.30, 0.49]), with leave-one-out analyses indicating that cumulative effects were robust, and with moderate heterogeneity. For both accuracy and RTs, the effect of TMS was moderated by the stimulation paradigm adopted but not by the cognitive function investigated, while the timing of the stimulation moderated only the effects on RTs. Further analyses on lateralization revealed no moderation effects of the TMS site. Taken together, these findings indicate that TMS administered over the cerebellum is able to modulate cognitive performance, affecting accuracy or RTs, and suggest that the various stimulation paradigms play a key role in determining the efficacy of cerebellar TMS.
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