ArticleCancers2021
The Immune Microenvironment of Chordomas: An Immunohistochemical Analysis.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune and stromal signaling networks in chordoma: an evidence-weighted review of ligand-receptor interactions and therapeutic implications.Systematic reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Integrated immune profiling of chordomas reveals spatially organized niches and functional heterogeneity.Neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Progression-free survival 3 of 22 months achieved through third-line therapy with adebrelimab in patient with recurrent chordoma: a case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Mutational analysis of primary and advanced chordoma tissue using next-generation sequencing.Cancer · 2025Article
- Identification of immune subtypes associated with the prognosis in skull base chordoma.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Chordoma Genetic Aberrations and Targeted Therapies Panorama: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Review
- Multimodal profiling of chordoma immunity reveals distinct immune contextures.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy for chordoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Animal model considerations for chordoma research: reproducing the tumor microenvironmentFrontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Role of immunotherapy in treatment refractory chordomas: review of current evidence.Frontiers in surgery · 2024Review
- DNA methylation, combined with RNA sequencing, provide novel insight into molecular classification of chordomas and their microenvironment.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Primary CNS Neoplasms: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Immunotherapy as a Promising Option for the Treatment of Advanced Chordoma: A Systemic Review.Cancers · 2022Review
- Multi-spectral immunofluorescence evaluation of the myeloid, T cell, and natural killer cell tumor immune microenvironment in chordoma may guide immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Linking Immunity with Genomics in Sarcomas: Is Genomic Complexity an Immunogenic Trigger?Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Coexpression of HHLA2 and PD-L1 on Tumor Cells Independently Predicts the Survival of Spinal Chordoma Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chordomas are rare sarcomas that are usually treated by surgery and/or radiotherapy since these are chemo-resistant tumors, but immunotherapy could be a possible option for chordoma patients. However, few reports investigating the composition of the chordoma immune microenvironment exist. We immunohistochemically studied 81 chordomas regarding their immune microenvironment factors and compared them with clinicopathological data. Macrophages and CD4 cells were the most prominent inflammatory cell populations, followed by CD8 T cells, while CD20 B cells and high endothelial venules (MECA-79+) were less frequently found. PD-L1 (22C3) expression by inflammatory cells was found in 21 (26%) tumors and was associated with a larger tumor size. None of the cases showed the expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells. Survival analysis showed that younger patients had a better overall survival. Considering the immunohistochemical factors studied, higher CD8, the presence of PD-L1+ immune cells, and higher vascular density were adverse prognostic factors, but in multivariate analysis, only PD-L1+ immune cells retained prognostic significance. To conclude, chordoma tumor cells do not express PD-L1, but PD-L1+ immune cells seem to play a negative prognostic role, supporting the need for further studies in this field and the possible beneficial role of immunotherapy in these patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.