ArticleBMJ open2021
Educational disparities in hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking in Brazil: a trend analysis of 578 977 adults from a national survey, 2007-2018.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Socioeconomic Status and the Prevalence of Metabolic Diseases: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in China.Journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Associated factors and educational and economic inequalities with raised blood pressure in Cambodia: analysis of the data from a national household survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Fifteen-Year Trends in Behavioral Risk Factors and Metabolic Health Conditions for Non-Communicable Diseases: Persistent Race and Gender Inequalities in Brazil.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Educational Attainment Better Protects Non-Latino than Latino People Against Diabetes Mellitus.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- National and Regional Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension in South Korea Amid the Pandemic, 2009-2022: Nationwide Study of Over 3 Million Individuals.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- The global diet quality score as an indicator of adequate nutrient intake and dietary quality - a nation-wide representative study.Nutrition journal · 2024Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Body Mass Index Among Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Comparative analysis of temporal trends of obesity and physical inactivity in Brazil and the USA (2011-2021).BMC public health · 2023Article
- Reported recommendations to address cardiovascular risk factors differ by socio-economic status in Brazil. Results from the Brazilian National Health Survey 2019.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessing inequalities in publicly funded health insurance scheme coverage and out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization: findings from a household survey in Kerala.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes prevalence: the case of South Africa between 2003 and 2016.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Time trends and projected obesity epidemic in Brazilian adults between 2006 and 2030.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Changes in socioeconomic inequalities in food consumption among Brazilian adults in a 10-years period.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesOur study aimed to assess social inequality trends for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity from 2007 to 2018 in adults from Brazilian capitals.
settingData from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey study, a cross-sectional telephone survey, conducted annually from 2007 to 2018.
participantsWe used data from 578 977 Brazilian adults (≥18 years).
designCross-sectional surveys conducted annually from 2007 to 2018. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants responded to a questionnaire about medical diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, smoking status, weight and height. Educational inequalities (0-3, 4-8, 9-11 and 12 or more years of study) by sex and skin colour were assessed trough absolute, Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and relative measures of inequality, Concentration Index and trends were tested by Prais-Winsten.
resultsAll outcomes were more prevalent in the least educated. The largest absolute educational inequality was observed for hypertension (SII
conclusionThe educational inequality reduced for obesity, remained constant for hypertension and increased for diabetes and smoking from 2007 to 2018 in Brazilian adults.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.