ArticleImplementation science : IS2021
Data-driven approach for tailoring facilitation strategies to overcome implementation barriers in community pharmacy.
Article in Implementation science : IS, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tailored interventions to address determinants of practice.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Applying system support mapping combined with the matrixed multiple case study approach to identify and analyse implementation determinants: lessons from a multi-site implementation study in German neonatal intensive care units.BMC health services research · 2026Trial
- Results of a multi-site pragmatic hybrid type 3 cluster randomized trial comparing level of facilitation while implementing an intervention in community-dwelling disabled and older adults in a Medicaid waiver.Implementation science : IS · 2022Trial
- AI Methods for Implementation Science (AIM-IS): developing a framework, toolkit, and reporting standard for the responsible use of AI in implementation practice and research.Implementation science : IS · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence in implementation research: a scoping review of applications and recommendations.Translational behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Scaling evidence-based interventions: Examining factors promoting and limiting the dissemination of research mentor training.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- Article
- Factors Influencing the Implementation of a New Pharmacist Prescribing Service in Community Pharmacies.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Pharmacists' Perceptions on Nutritional Counseling of Oral Nutritional Supplements in the Community Pharmacy: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Community Pharmacist Consultation Service: A Survey Exploring Factors Facilitating or Hindering Community Pharmacists' Ability to Apply Learnt Skills in Practice.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Applying the Tailored Implementation in Chronic Diseases framework to inform implementation of the Preferences Elicited and Respected for Seriously Ill Veterans through enhanced decision-making program in the United States Veterans Health Administration.Frontiers in health services · 2022Article
- Characterising processes and outcomes of tailoring implementation strategies in healthcare: a protocol for a scoping review.HRB open research · 2022Article
- Conceptual tensions and practical trade-offs in tailoring implementation interventions.Frontiers in health services · 2022Article
- Considerations of Australian community pharmacists in the provision and implementation of cognitive pharmacy services: a qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- Multi-tiered external facilitation: the role of feedback loops and tailored interventions in supporting change in a stepped-wedge implementation trial.Implementation science communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImplementation research has delved into barriers to implementing change and interventions for the implementation of innovation in practice. There remains a gap, however, that fails to connect implementation barriers to the most effective implementation strategies and provide a more tailored approach during implementation. This study aimed to explore barriers for the implementation of professional services in community pharmacies and to predict the effectiveness of facilitation strategies to overcome implementation barriers using machine learning techniques.
methodsSix change facilitators facilitated a 2-year change programme aimed at implementing professional services across community pharmacies in Australia. A mixed methods approach was used where barriers were identified by change facilitators during the implementation study. Change facilitators trialled and recorded tailored facilitation strategies delivered to overcome identified barriers. Barriers were coded according to implementation factors derived from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Theoretical Domains Framework. Tailored facilitation strategies were coded into 16 facilitation categories. To predict the effectiveness of these strategies, data mining with random forest was used to provide the highest level of accuracy. A predictive resolution percentage was established for each implementation strategy in relation to the barriers that were resolved by that particular strategy.
resultsDuring the 2-year programme, 1131 barriers and facilitation strategies were recorded by change facilitators. The most frequently identified barriers were a 'lack of ability to plan for change', 'lack of internal supporters for the change', 'lack of knowledge and experience', 'lack of monitoring and feedback', 'lack of individual alignment with the change', 'undefined change objectives', 'lack of objective feedback' and 'lack of time'. The random forest algorithm used was able to provide 96.9% prediction accuracy. The strategy category with the highest predicted resolution rate across the most number of implementation barriers was 'to empower stakeholders to develop objectives and solve problems'.
conclusionsResults from this study have provided a better understanding of implementation barriers in community pharmacy and how data-driven approaches can be used to predict the effectiveness of facilitation strategies to overcome implementation barriers. Tailored facilitation strategies such as these can increase the rate of real-time implementation of innovations in healthcare, leading to an industry that can confidently and efficiently adapt to continuous change.
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