ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Metformin as a Treatment Strategy for Sjögren's Syndrome.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metformin as a Multifaceted Therapeutic Agent for Gastrointestinal Diseases: Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, and Future Directions.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Review
- mTOR signaling pathway in primary Sjögren's syndrome: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- The Gut Microbiota: Emerging Evidence in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Salivary gland cell senescence in Sjögren's syndrome: current research and novel therapeutic directions.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Review
- From malaria fighter to diabetes guardian: the emerging role of artesunate in treating diabetes and diabetic complications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Salivary gland macrophages in health and disease: heterogeneity, niche crosstalk, and therapeutic avenues.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Effect of Metformin on Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells: Implications in Aging and Diabetic Dry Eye Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Rheumatic diseases and metabolism: where centre and periphery meet.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2024Review
- Causal Relationship Between Sjögren's Syndrome and Gut Microbiota: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Multifaceted mitochondrial as a novel therapeutic target in dry eye: insights and interventions.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Sleep Disorders in Connective Tissue Diseases-Coexisting Diseases or Disease Components?Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Diabetes mellitus in rheumatic diseases: clinical characteristics and treatment considerations.Rheumatology international · 2023Review
- Metformin-induced activation of CaJournal of translational autoimmunity · 2023Article
- The Utilization of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists and Risk of Following External Eye Diseases in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals: A Population-Based Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Review
- Regulatory Mechanism of M1/M2 Macrophage Polarization in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases.Mediators of inflammation · 2023Review
- Association between a History of herpes zoster and the risk of Sjögren's syndrome: a nationwide, population-based, case-control study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Sex hormones, body mass index, and related comorbidities associated with developing Sjögren's disease: a nested case-control study.Clinical rheumatology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a chronic inflammatory disease involving the salivary and lacrimal glands, presents symptoms of sicca as well as systemic manifestations such as fatigue and musculoskeletal pain. Only a few treatments have been successful in management of SS; thus treatment of the disease is challenging. Metformin is the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes and has anti-inflammatory potential. Its immunomodulatory capacity is exerted via activation of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Metformin inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I which leads to change in adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) to adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) ratio. This results in AMPK activation and causes inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR plays an important role in T cell differentiation and mTOR deficient T cells differentiate into regulatory T cells. In this manner, metformin enhances immunoregulatory response in an individual. mTOR is responsible for B cell proliferation and germinal center (GC) differentiation. Thus, reduction of B cell differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells occurs via downregulation of mTOR. Due to the lack of suggested treatment for SS, metformin has been considered as a treatment strategy and is expected to ameliorate salivary gland function.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.