Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34278281›Full record

ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021

Global breast cancer incidence and mortality trends by region, age-groups, and fertility patterns.

Sarah M Lima, Rebecca D Kehm, Mary Beth Terry

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 161 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
161citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
17.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

161 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 290 citations in OpenAlex.

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  15. The Increasing Importance of Breast Cancer in the United Arab Emirates.Asia-Pacific journal of clinical oncology · 2026
    Review
  16. Observational
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101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Sarah M LimaMailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
Rebecca D KehmMailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
Mary Beth TerryMailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
Columbia University Irving Medical Center · USColumbia University · US

Funding

Training Program in Cancer-related Population SciencesT32CA094061 · NCI · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI NEUGUT, ALFRED I., TERRY, MARY BETH · 2017 to 2021
$1.1M
NCI NIH HHS T32 CA094061
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBreast cancer (BC) has been increasing globally, though it is unclear whether the increases are seen across all age groups and regions and whether changes in rates can be primarily attributed to decreasing fertility rates. We investigated age-specific trends in BC incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2017, worldwide and by region, and evaluated whether incidence trends are explained by decreases in fertility.

methodsWe used country-level data to examine trends in BC incidence and mortality rates from 1990 to 2017 by region and age group. Linear mixed models were used to estimate age-specific rates from baseline models of year and were compared to fertility-adjusted models for incidence.

resultsThe global BC mortality rate increased overall by 0.23% per year (95% CI=0.20, 0.25), with statistically significant increases in the under 50 and 70 and over age groups, and in 5 out of 7 regions. The global BC incidence rate increased overall by 1.44% per year (95% CI=1.42, 1.47), with statistically significant increases in all age groups, and in 6 out of 7 regions. After adjusting for fertility, the incidence annual percent change (APC) remained statistically significant (APC=0.84, 95% CI=0.81, 0.88), in all age groups, and in 6 of 7 regions.

interpretationThe global increase in BC mortality is seen in most age groups and regions. The global increase in BC incidence is seen in all age groups and is highest in women under 50; increases remained in most regions even after considering declining fertility rates.

fundingBreast Cancer Research Foundation and National Cancer Institute.

Indexed as

Breast cancerFertilityGlobalIncidence rateMortality rate

Identifiers

PMID34278281
PMCPMC8271114
OpenAlexW3179205703

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.