ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Microglia, Cytokines, and Neural Activity: Unexpected Interactions in Brain Development and Function.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Context-dependent effects of microglial MyD88 removal on voluntary ethanol consumption in mice.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of a Novel Dry Extract of Libidibia ferrea in Microglial Cells.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Article
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Boron as a Context-Dependent System-Level Modulator: Mechanisms and Implications in Chronic Diseases.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke with Nanoparticle-Labeled 293T Cells and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Feasibility Study.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Dynamic recovery of piriform cortex function and its impact on cognitive processing speed following mild COVID-19.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Microglial Plasticity in Vascular Dementia: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Reprogramming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Genetic comparisons of interleukin-17 reveal a framework for complex signaling evolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fn14 is an activity-dependent, Bmal1-regulated cytokine receptor that induces rod-like microglia and restricts neuronal activity in vivo.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk: An Intimate Molecular Conversation in Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Calycosin attenuates LPS-induced microglia inflammatory responses and microglia-mediated synaptic impairment via modulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Targeting glial cells: Unveiling the neuroprotective mechanisms of Ginseng in the brain microenvironment.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Distinct contributions of mu opioid and CB2 cannabinoid receptors to neuroimmune and behavioral responses.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2026Article
- The brain-gut axis in autism spectrum disorder: from gastrointestinal dysfunction to neuroimmune mechanisms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Microglial MyD88-dependent signaling influences extracellular matrix development and interneuron maturation in the hippocampus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Central Role of Toll-like Receptor-9 Gene Function in Inflammation-Mediated Neuronal Plasticity: Implications for Long-Term Memory Development.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- SPAchips: Microparticles Used for the Selective In Vitro Labelling of Microglia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Microglial deficiency in the ATRX chromatin remodeler elicits a viral mimicry immune response that impacts neuronal function and behavior.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins and the Risk of Delirium: A Study Based on Genetic Data.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intercellular signaling molecules such as cytokines and their receptors enable immune cells to communicate with one another and their surrounding microenvironments. Emerging evidence suggests that the same signaling pathways that regulate inflammatory responses to injury and disease outside of the brain also play powerful roles in brain development, plasticity, and function. These observations raise the question of how the same signaling molecules can play such distinct roles in peripheral tissues compared to the central nervous system, a system previously thought to be largely protected from inflammatory signaling. Here, we review evidence that the specialized roles of immune signaling molecules such as cytokines in the brain are to a large extent shaped by neural activity, a key feature of the brain that reflects active communication between neurons at synapses. We discuss the known mechanisms through which microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond to increases and decreases in activity by engaging classical inflammatory signaling cascades to assemble, remodel, and eliminate synapses across the lifespan. We integrate evidence from (1)
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.