ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
BTK Inhibitors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Biological Activity and Immune Effects.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence of pneumonia among bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Annals of hematology · 2025Pooled it
- Targeted therapies in CLL/SLL and the cumulative incidence of infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Revaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine five years after primary immunization improves immunity in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Haematologica · 2025Trial
- Genetic subtype-guided immunochemotherapy in relapsed and refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma: a phase 2 investigator-initiated nonrandomized clinical trial (GUIDANCE-06).Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Trial
- Orelabrutinib combined with rituximab and high-dose methotrexate as induction therapy in newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma.Investigational new drugs · 2025Trial
- Infectious adverse events associated with novel Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors in adults with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.British journal of haematology · 2026Article
- Structure-guided discovery of a novel BTK inhibitor inducing apoptosis and G1 phase arrest in tumor cells.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- T-cell immunomodulation occurs with different time kinetics during acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.British journal of haematology · 2026Article
- Real-world overall survival comparison between first-line Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: An analysis of Veterans Health Administration data.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2026Article
- BTK Inhibition in Hematology: From CLL/SLL to Emerging Applications Across B-Cell and Immune Disorders.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Successful Zanubrutinib Monotherapy in a Rare CNS Presentation of Relapsed CLL.Case reports in hematology · 2026Article
- Targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) in Autoimmunity: Achievements, Opportunities and Challenges.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Addition of Ianalumab (VAY736) to Ibrutinib in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia on Ibrutinib Therapy: Results from a Phase Ib Study.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Article
- Healthcare cost comparison between first-line ibrutinib and acalabrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients in the Veterans Affairs.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2025Article
- Single-cell insights into the role of T cells in B-cell malignancies.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Review
- Profound phenotypic deficiencies in mature blood and bone marrow progenitor dendritic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.Leukemia · 2025Article
- In silico analysis of atrial fibrillation and hypertension mechanism of action secondary to ibrutinib/acalabrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Beyond relapses: How BTK inhibitors are shaping the future of progressive MS treatment.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- A Comparative Analysis of Cardiovascular Events Associated With Acalabrutinib Versus Ibrutinib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Insights From a Global Federated Network.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bruton´s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor (BTKi)s block the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling cascade by binding to the BTK enzyme preventing the proliferation and survival of malignant and normal B cells. During the past decade, the clinical use of BTKis for the treatment of B-cell malignancies has exponentially grown, changing the treatment landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in particular. At present, three different covalent BTKis, ibrutinib, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, are FDA-approved and many new inhibitors are under development. Despite having remarkable selectivity for BTK, the first-in-class BTKi ibrutinib can also bind, with various affinities, to other kinases. The combined inhibition of BTK ("on-target" effect) and other kinases ("off-target" effect) can have additive or synergistic anti-tumor effects but also induce undesired side effects which might be treatment-limiting. Such "off-target" effects are expected to be more limited for second-generation BTKis. Moreover, the blockade of BCR signaling also indirectly affects the tumor microenvironment in CLL. Treatment with BTKis potentially impacts on both innate and adaptive immunity. Whether this affects infection susceptibility and vaccination efficacy requires further investigation. Here, we summarize the available knowledge on the impact of BTKis on the immune system and discuss the possible clinical implications. Indeed, a deeper knowledge on this topic could guide clinicians in the management and prevention of infections in patients with CLL treated with BTKis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.