ReviewFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2021
Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease.
Review in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 72 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- From glia limitans to glial scars: in vitro co-culture studies of the astrocyte and meningeal interaction.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and the Emerging Role of Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Meningeal-tumor interactions define distinct modes of leptomeningeal colonization in Group 3 medulloblastoma.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell administration in a large cohort of 1,011 patients with autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective observational study.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Article
- The meninges as a neuroimmune interface: structure, barriers and roles in CNS disease.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- Base barrier cells provide compartmentalization of choroid plexus, brain and CSF.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- The CNS Meninges and the Synovial Joint: Parallel Immunological Structures in Autoimmune Disease.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The Aging Meninges: Anatomical and Immunological Remodeling as Emerging Diagnostic Biomarkers of Cerebral Senescence-A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pathophysiology and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases in lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Macrophage IL-1β turns meningeal fibroblasts into inflammatory amplifiers in pneumococcal infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Persistent meningeal enhancement on MRI in an infant with culture-negative bacterial meningitis: a case report and systematic review of the literature (2014-2025).Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Interplay between Peripheral and Central Nervous System Myeloid Cells during Aging: Impact for Lade-Life Depression and Alzheimer's Disease.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- Expression of Connexins 37/40 and Pannexin 1 in Early Human andBiomedicines · 2025Article
- Emerging Roles of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Demonstration of chemotherapeutic-mediated changes in meningeal lymphatics in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Identification of the velum interpositum as a meningeal-CNS route for myeloid cell trafficking into the brain.Neuron · 2025Article
- Group B Streptococci lyse endothelial cells to infect the brain in a zebrafish meningitis model.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Senescent cell reduction does not improve recovery in mice under experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced demyelination.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The Meninges as CNS Interfaces and the Roles of Meningeal Macrophages.Biomolecules · 2025Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural compartment of the meninges, closest to the skull, is predominantly composed of fibroblasts, but also includes fenestrated blood vasculature, an elaborate lymphatic system, as well as immune cells which are distinct from the CNS. Segregating the outer and inner meningeal compartments is the epithelial-like arachnoid barrier cells, connected by tight and adherens junctions, which regulate the movement of pathogens, molecules, and cells into and out of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma. Most proximate to the brain is the collagen and basement membrane-rich pia matter that abuts the glial limitans and has recently be shown to have regional heterogeneity within the developing mouse brain. While the meninges were historically seen as a purely structural support for the CNS and protection from trauma, the emerging view of the meninges is as an essential interface between the CNS and the periphery, critical to brain development, required for brain homeostasis, and involved in a variety of diseases. In this review, we will summarize what is known regarding the development, specification, and maturation of the meninges during homeostatic conditions and discuss the rapidly emerging evidence that specific meningeal cell compartments play differential and important roles in the pathophysiology of a myriad of diseases including: multiple sclerosis, dementia, stroke, viral/bacterial meningitis, traumatic brain injury, and cancer. We will conclude with a list of major questions and mechanisms that remain unknown, the study of which represent new, future directions for the field of meninges biology.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.