ArticleJournal of Parkinson's disease2021
Unhealthy Behaviours and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Mendelian Randomisation Study.
Article in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Alcohol Intake on Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Pooled it
- Alcohol consumption and its association with cancer, cardiovascular, liver and brain diseases: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- Association Between Relative Fat Mass and Parkinson's Disease in American Adults: A Large Cross-Sectional Study From NHANES.Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Personalized prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: scoping review and evidence gap map.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Fat-brain axis indicated by mutual impacts between body fat and brain phenotypes.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Proposed mechanisms of neuroprotection for nicotine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Explainable machine learning-driven models for predicting Parkinson's disease and its prognosis: obesity patterns associations and models development using NHANES 1999-2018 data.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Significance of nicotine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Identifying potential causal effects of Parkinson's disease: A polygenic risk score-based phenome-wide association and mendelian randomization study in UK Biobank.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Association of Body Mass Index and Parkinson Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.Neurology · 2024Article
- Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- The combined effect of lifestyle factors and polygenic scores on age at onset in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Tackling vascular risk factors as a possible disease modifying intervention in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Association between a body shape index and Parkinson's disease: A large cross-sectional study from NHANES.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease?Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Review
- Correlation between dietary factors and Parkinson's disease revealed by the analysis of Mendelian randomization.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Genome-wide QTL mapping across three tissues highlights several Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease loci potentially acting via DNA methylation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- The combined effect of lifestyle factors and polygenic scores on age at onset in Parkinson's disease.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- Identification of PLOD3 and LRRN3 as potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease based on integrative analysis.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2023Article
- The Interaction between HLA-DRB1 and Smoking in Parkinson's Disease Revisited.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco smoking and alcohol intake have been identified in observational studies as potentially protective factors against developing Parkinson's disease (PD); the impact of body mass index (BMI) on PD risk is debated. Whether such epidemiological associations are causal remains unclear. Mendelian randomsation (MR) uses genetic variants to explore the effects of exposures on outcomes; potentially reducing bias from residual confounding and reverse causation.
objectiveUsing MR, we examined relationships between PD risk and three unhealthy behaviours: tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, and higher BMI.
methods19,924 PD cases and 2,413,087 controls were included in the analysis. We performed genome-wide association studies to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, and BMI. MR analysis of the relationship between each exposure and PD was undertaken using a split-sample design.
resultsEver-smoking reduced the risk of PD (OR 0.955; 95%confidence interval [CI] 0.921-0.991; p = 0.013). Higher daily alcohol intake increased the risk of PD (OR 1.125, 95%CI 1.025-1.235; p = 0.013) and a 1 kg/m2 higher BMI reduced the risk of PD (OR 0.988, 95%CI 0.979-0.997; p = 0.008). Sensitivity analyses did not suggest bias from horizontal pleiotropy or invalid instruments.
conclusionUsing split-sample MR in over 2.4 million participants, we observed a protective effect of smoking on risk of PD. In contrast to observational data, alcohol consumption appeared to increase the risk of PD. Higher BMI had a protective effect on PD, but the effect was small.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.