ArticleEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2023
Parental rejection in early adolescence predicts a persistent ADHD symptom trajectory across adolescence.
Article in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perceived parental rejection and mental health in Italian early adolescents: the mediating role of alexithymia.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Bridging parental rejection and overprotection: implications of their co-occurrence for family-based interventions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Fluctuating course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across development: Multifactorial influences.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- ADHD symptom trajectories across childhood and early adolescence and risk for hypomanic symptoms in young adulthood.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Observational
- Exploring the Effectiveness of Combining Social Skills Training and Two Parent Programs in Improving the Social Competence of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Physical activity and psychopathology: are long-term developmental trajectories of physical activity in children and adolescents associated with trajectories of general mental health problems and of attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms?European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Impact of Children's and Parents' Perceptions of Parenting Styles on Attention, Hyperactivity, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Genetic Risk, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Behavioral Difficulties Among African American Adolescents Living in Very Low-Income Neighborhoods.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2023Article
- Internalizing and externalizing correlates of parental overprotection as measured by the EMBU: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Social development (Oxford, England) · 2022Review
- Parenting style profiles in families of children with ADHD using a person-centred approach.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHPArticle
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite a general decrease of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during adolescence, these may persist in some individuals but not in others. Prior cross-sectional studies have shown that parenting style and their interaction with candidate genes are associated with ADHD symptoms. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the independent and interactive effects of parenting and plasticity genes in predicting the course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across adolescence. Here, we investigated how children perceived their parents' parenting style (i.e., rejection, overprotection, and emotional warmth) at the age of 11, and their interaction with DRD4, MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes on parent-reported ADHD symptoms at three time points (mean ages 11.1, 13.4, and 16.2 years) in 1730 adolescents from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Growth Mixture Modeling in Mplus identified four ADHD symptom trajectories: low, moderate stable, high decreasing, and high persistent. Perceived parental rejection predicted class membership in the high persistent trajectory compared to the other classes (p < 0.001, odds ratios between 2.14 and 3.74). Gene-environment interactions were not significantly related to class membership. Our results indicate a role of perceived parental rejection in the persistence of ADHD symptoms. Perceived parental rejection should, therefore, be taken into consideration during prevention and treatment of ADHD in young adolescents.
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