ArticleJournal of pineal research2021
In-person vs home schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences in sleep, circadian timing, and mood in early adolescence.
Article in Journal of pineal research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of the pandemic on psychophysical well-being and quality of learning in the growth of adolescents (aged 11-13): a systematic review of the literature with a PRISMA method.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Report from a randomized control trial: improved alignment between circadian biology and sleep-wake behavior as a mechanism of depression symptom improvement in evening-type adolescents with depressive symptoms.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2023Trial
- Lifestyle risk behaviours among adolescents: a two-year longitudinal study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.BMJ open · 2022Trial
- The impact of learning modalities and sleep quality on adolescent mental health: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Targeted Sleep Enhancement Reduces Residual Anxiety Symptoms in Peri-Adolescents Previously Treated for Anxiety Disorders.Behavior therapy · 2025Article
- Disruptions to sleep and circadian rhythms are associated with poorer athlete mental health in female, but not male, elite Australian Rules footballers.Journal of sleep research · 2024Article
- Adolescents' trajectories of depression and anxiety symptoms prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with healthy sleep patterns.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impact of School Start Time Delays and Learning Modality on Sleep Timing and Duration During COVID-19.Behavioral sleep medicine · 2024Article
- Pre-pandemic circadian phase predicts pandemic alcohol use among adolescents.Journal of sleep research · 2024Article
- Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on screen time and sleep in early adolescents.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2023Article
- Sleep and Inflammation during COVID-19 Virtual Learning in Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Physical activity and mental health in children and youth during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2023Review
- Article
- Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia in Adolescence: Implications for Mental Health.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Sleep Disturbances and Mental Well-Being of Preschool Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mexico.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep Quality Evaluated by Wrist Actigraphy: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The role of social support on the relationships between internet use and sleep problems in adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic: a multicentre study.Child and adolescent mental health · 2023Article
- The fall of vulnerability to sleep disturbances in evening chronotypes when working from home and its implications for depression.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Adolescent sleep - lessons from COVID-19.Clinical child psychology and psychiatry · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools around the world rapidly transitioned from in-person to remote learning, providing an opportunity to examine the impact of in-person vs remote learning on sleep, circadian timing, and mood. We assessed sleep-wake timing using wrist actigraphy and sleep diaries over 1-2 weeks during in-person learning (n = 28) and remote learning (n = 58, where n = 27 were repeat assessments) in adolescents (age M ± SD = 12.79 ± 0.42 years). Circadian timing was measured under a single condition in each individual using salivary melatonin (Dim Light Melatonin Onset; DLMO). Online surveys assessed mood (PROMIS Pediatric Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms) and sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale - Child and Adolescent) in each condition. During remote (vs in-person) learning: (i) on school days, students went to sleep 26 minutes later and woke 49 minutes later, resulting in 22 minutes longer sleep duration (all P < .0001); (ii) DLMO time did not differ significantly between conditions, although participants woke at a later circadian phase (43 minutes, P = .03) during remote learning; and (iii) participants reported significantly lower sleepiness (P = .048) and lower anxiety symptoms (P = .006). Depressive symptoms did not differ between conditions. Changes in mood symptoms were not mediated by sleep. Although remote learning continued to have fixed school start times, removing morning commutes likely enabled adolescents to sleep longer, wake later, and to wake at a later circadian phase. These results indicate that remote learning, or later school start times, may extend sleep and improve some subjective symptoms in adolescents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.