ArticleJournal of endocrinological investigation2022
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 risk: a population-based, cohort study.
Article in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04810949 (Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Development of Respiratory Infections), which is not on this map. Cited by 89 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Development of Respiratory Infections (COVID-19) in Health Personnel at Hospital Clínica NOVA With Serum Values> 20ng / ml
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Are there prophylactic effects of vitamin D among healthier adult patients? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.BMC nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in different diseases: an evidence-map and umbrella review of 116 randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels post-vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2022Pooled it
- Korean Red Ginseng Potentially Improves Maintaining Antibodies after COVID-19 Vaccination: A 24-Week Longitudinal Study.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Frequency and Impact of Thyroid Hormone Abnormalities in COVID-19: An Observational Study at the Peak of the Pandemic.Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes · 2026Article
- Vitamin D Level and Antibody Response to the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine in Pregnant Women.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Serological Parameters and Recovery Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Observational
- Vitamin D in the elderly: the phil-rouge in preventing bone, muscle and adipose deterioration?Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- A Pilot, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of a Single Oral Dose of Ivermectin for Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Association between 25(OH)D levels and clinical outcomes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- ALBACOVIDIOL Study: Effect of Calcifediol Treatment on Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Vitamin D and COVID-19: Clinical Evidence and Immunological Insights.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Vitamin D: Evidence-Based Health Benefits and Recommendations for Population Guidelines.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Association Between Vitamin A and D Status and the Risk of COVID-19 in the Elderly Population: A Single-Center Experience.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo analyze the associations between cholecalciferol or calcifediol supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and COVID-19 outcomes in a large population.
methodsAll individuals ≥ 18 years old living in Barcelona-Central Catalonia (n = 4.6 million) supplemented with cholecalciferol or calcifediol from April 2019 to February 2020 were compared with propensity score-matched untreated controls. Outcome variables were SARS-CoV2 infection, severe COVID-19 and COVID-19 mortality occuring during the first wave of the pandemic. Demographical data, comorbidities, serum 25OHD levels and concomitant pharmacological treatments were collected as covariates. Associations between cholecalciferol or calcifediol use and outcome variables were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional regression.
resultsCholecalciferol supplementation (n = 108,343) was associated with slight protection from SARS-CoV2 infection (n = 4352 [4.0%] vs 9142/216,686 [4.2%] in controls; HR 0.95 [CI 95% 0.91-0.98], p = 0.004). Patients on cholecalciferol treatment achieving 25OHD levels ≥ 30 ng/ml had lower risk of SARS-CoV2 infection, lower risk of severe COVID-19 and lower COVID-19 mortality than unsupplemented 25OHD-deficient patients (56/9474 [0.6%] vs 96/7616 [1.3%]; HR 0.66 [CI 95% 0.46-0.93], p = 0.018). Calcifediol use (n = 134,703) was not associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV2 infection or mortality in the whole cohort. However, patients on calcifediol treatment achieving serum 25OHD levels ≥ 30 ng/ml also had lower risk of SARS-CoV2 infection, lower risk of severe COVID-19, and lower COVID-19 mortality compared to 25OHD-deficient patients not receiving vitamin D supplements (88/16276 [0.5%] vs 96/7616 [1.3%]; HR 0.56 [CI 95% 0.42-0.76], p < 0.001).
conclusionsIn this large, population-based study, we observed that patients supplemented with cholecalciferol or calcifediol achieving serum 25OHD levels ≥ 30 ng/ml were associated with better COVID-19 outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.