ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2022
Regulation of the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 193 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
193 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- TIR domain proteins: regulatory mechanisms in the tumor immune microenvironment, clinical translation strategies, and prospects for precision therapy applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Destabilizing the genome as a therapeutic strategy to enhance response to immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review of clinical trials evidence from solid and hematological tumors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Exercise intensity and training alter the innate immune cell type and chromosomal origins of circulating cell-free DNA in humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Trial
- TLR9 and STING agonists adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E induced a potent and durable nasal vaccine response.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- The cell-type-specific roles of Toll-like receptors in herpes simplex virus infection and pathogenesis.Virulence · 2026Review
- Nucleic acid sensing pathways in kidney disease development.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Basophil Extracellular Traps in Immunity and Disease.Cancers · 2026Review
- The SLC15A4-TASL complex is essential for lupus development in mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- A metabolic amplification strategy for spherical nucleic acid immunogenicity driven by simvastatin-CpG codelivery.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- TLR7 in systemic lupus erythematosus: genetics and emerging therapies.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Zfand5 terminates TLR3/4 signaling and necroptosis by targeting TRIF to the proteasome for degradation.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Programmable Nucleic Acid Sensing in Human Cells Using Circularizable ssDNA.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Scavenger receptor-mediated lung-targeted delivery of anti-miR-155 oligoDNA nanomicelles with curcumin for acute lung injury therapy.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Phagocytosis: a process that shapes immune responses to engulfed meals.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Biomimetic Cell Membrane-Coated MOFs System for Targeted Cancer Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Calsyntenin-3 suppresses inflammation via inhibition of TLR N-glycosylation and membrane localization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The segmented flavivirus ALSV-encoded nucleoprotein VP2 inhibits type I interferon production by targeting RIG-I.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
133 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a subset of TLRs recognizes nucleic acids, which are present in both the host and foreign microorganisms. This specificity enables broad recognition by virtue of the ubiquity of nucleic acids but also introduces the possibility of self-recognition and autoinflammatory or autoimmune disease. Defining the regulatory mechanisms required to ensure proper discrimination between foreign and self-nucleic acids by TLRs is an area of intense research. Progress over the past decade has revealed a complex array of regulatory mechanisms that ensure maintenance of this delicate balance. These regulatory mechanisms can be divided into a conceptual framework with four categories: compartmentalization, ligand availability, receptor expression and signal transduction. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of each of these layers of regulation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.