ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2022
Final Evaluation Findings for This Free Life, a 3-Year, Multi-Market Tobacco Public Education Campaign for Gender and Sexual Minority Young Adults in the United States.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Model of Social Media Effects in Public Health Communication Campaigns: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- Do Vaping Prevention Messages Impact Adolescents and Young Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies.Health communication · 2023Pooled it
- Does gender expression matter in tailoring anti-smoking messages for sexual and gender minority young adults?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Anti-industry beliefs and attitudes mediate the effect of culturally tailored anti-smoking messages on quit intentions among sexual minority women.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Culturally Tailored Anti-Smoking Messages: A Randomized Trial With U.S. Sexual Minority Young Women.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Trial
- Young Adult Responses to Peer Crowd-Based Targeting in E-cigarette Advertisements: An Experimental Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Trial
- Messaging to prevent and reduce young adults' waterpipe tobacco smoking: A randomized trial.Addictive behaviors · 2023Trial
- Effects of Vaping Prevention Messages on Electronic Vapor Product Beliefs, Perceived Harms, and Behavioral Intentions among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Minoritized Sexual Identity and Perceived Effectiveness of Instagram Public Health Messaging about E-cigarettes.Journal of health communication · 2022Trial
- Optimizing Images for an E-Cigarette Messaging Campaign: Liking and Perceived Effectiveness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Characterizing the Objective Features of Vaping Prevention Video Ads: A Content Analysis.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- A Scoping Review of Theory-Based Tobacco Control Efforts for Sexual and Gender Minority Populations.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- College Students' Awareness of California's Law Prohibiting Sales of Flavored Tobacco.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Wanting to Be "Accepted and Heard": Perspectives About Cessation Messages From LGBTQ+ Individuals Who Dual Use Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Youth Tobacco Control in the Digital Age: Impact of South Carolina's Youth Tobacco Education and Vaping Cessation Social Media Programs.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Barriers, facilitators, and best practices for successful vaping prevention campaigns for sexual and gender minority youth.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Article
- Association Between Exposure to LGBTQ-Targeted Tobacco Marketing and Tobacco Use Behaviors Among US Young Adults.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Effect of a State-Level Vaping Prevention Campaign on Beliefs and Behaviors in Young People.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- Differences in Tobacco Advertising Receptivity Among Young Adults by Sexual Identity and Sex: Findings From the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.Annals of LGBTQ public and population health · 2024Article
- Cigarette smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence at the intersection of sexual identity and sex in the United States: Findings from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThis Free Life was the first multi-market, primarily digital campaign designed to change tobacco-related beliefs among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) young adults. Our evaluation sought to determine whether campaign exposure resulted in changes in tobacco-related beliefs. We summarize awareness and receptivity at the conclusion of the campaign and assess the effect of campaign exposure on tobacco-related beliefs in campaign treatment markets compared with control markets. AIMS AND
methodsTwenty-four US designated market areas were selected to receive the campaign or serve as control markets. A baseline survey was conducted in 2016, with six follow-up surveys conducted approximately 6 months apart over the course of the 3-year campaign. 12 324 LGBT young adult survey participants were recruited via intercept interviews and social media. Campaign effects on outcomes were estimated using difference-in-difference panel regression models, with p-values corrected for multiple comparisons.
resultsBrand and ad awareness peaked in treatment markets approximately 2.5 years into the 3-year campaign and were significantly higher in treatment than control markets. Brand equity and ad receptivity were generally high and similar across LGBT subgroups. There were small but significant campaign effects on five tobacco-related beliefs, with difference-in-difference estimates ranging from 1.9 to 5.6 percentage points.
conclusionsThis Free Life, the first multi-market tobacco public education campaign for LGBT young adults, reached and resonated with a large and diverse population, and had a small effect on beliefs involving social aspects of smoking. These findings should inform future communication efforts aimed at reducing tobacco use among LGBT young adults. IMPLICATIONS: Modest overall campaign effects suggest that further research on effective campaign messaging and delivery to LGBT young adults is needed. Campaign messaging style, delivery channels, and targeted outcomes likely contributed to these findings. Health communication efforts for LGBT young adults should consider the limitations of digital media in achieving sufficient exposure. Ad style and content optimized for a digital environment is an area that will benefit from further development.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.