ArticleHuman brain mapping2021
Neuroanatomical norms in the UK Biobank: The impact of allometric scaling, sex, and age.
Article in Human brain mapping, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sex matters for the enhancement of cognitive training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).Biology of sex differences · 2023Trial
- Associations Between Teenage Motherhood, Perinatal Cortical Maturation, and Risk of Psychopathology in Children: The Mediating Role of Pregnancy Complications.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Incomplete network restoration may be associated with higher relapse risk in women with major depressive disorder.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Substantial evidence against sex differences in bed nucleus of the stria terminalis volume in the human brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Regional sex differences in human cortical anatomy vary in their morphometric bases and overlap with sex chromosomal and gonadal influences.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sex-related structural alterations across common epilepsies: a worldwide ENIGMA study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Visual field map size constrains working memory precision.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Brain charts for neuroanatomical sex differences across the human lifespan.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cortical Structure in Relation to Empathy and Psychopathy in 800 Incarcerated Men.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- An Investigation of the Correlation Between Total Intracranial Volume and Body Mass Index.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Humanized APOE mouse brain volume increases over age irrespective of sex and APOE genotype: implications for translational validity to the human.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Allometry correction in semi-quantitative analysis of dopamine transporter SPECT.EJNMMI research · 2025Article
- Humanized APOE mouse brain volume increases over age irrespective of sex and APOE genotype: Implications for translational validity to the human.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Fractionation of sex differences in human cortical anatomy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Polygenic scores for autism are associated with reduced neurite density in adults and children from the general population.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cortical structure in relation to empathy and psychopathy in 800 incarcerated men.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Functional connectivity of the superior temporal sulcus at term-equivalent age: effects of gestational age and sex.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- Pattern of Deep Grey Matter Undersizing Boosts MRI-Based Diagnostic Classifiers in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- ComBatLS: A Location- and Scale-Preserving Method for Multi-Site Image Harmonization.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Few neuroimaging studies are sufficiently large to adequately describe population-wide variations. This study's primary aim was to generate neuroanatomical norms and individual markers that consider age, sex, and brain size, from 629 cerebral measures in the UK Biobank (N = 40,028). The secondary aim was to examine the effects and interactions of sex, age, and brain allometry-the nonlinear scaling relationship between a region and brain size (e.g., total brain volume)-across cerebral measures. Allometry was a common property of brain volumes, thicknesses, and surface areas (83%) and was largely stable across age and sex. Sex differences occurred in 67% of cerebral measures (median |β| = .13): 37% of regions were larger in males and 30% in females. Brain measures (49%) generally decreased with age, although aging effects varied across regions and sexes. While models with an allometric or linear covariate adjustment for brain size yielded similar significant effects, omitting brain allometry influenced reported sex differences in variance. Finally, we contribute to the reproducibility of research on sex differences in the brain by replicating previous studies examining cerebral sex differences. This large-scale study advances our understanding of age, sex, and brain allometry's impact on brain structure and provides data for future UK Biobank studies to identify the cerebral regions that covary with specific phenotypes, independently of sex, age, and brain size.
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