ReviewFrontiers in oncology2021
The Tumor Microenvironment Factors That Promote Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phase 1/2 study of monalizumab plus durvalumab in patients with advanced solid tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Trial
- Bridging BET bromodomain and immune checkpoint inhibitors through generative bioorganic frameworks for next-generation cancer immunotherapy.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in cancer immunotherapy.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Overcoming tumour resistance in cancer immunotherapy through predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Article
- xCell 2.0: robust algorithm for cell type proportion estimation predicts response to immune checkpoint blockade.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Upregulation of PD-1 on Peripheral T cells Subsets is Associated with Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Integrated pan-cancer and melanoma-specific analysis of angiopoietin-2: prognostic value, immune microenvironment modulation, and ceRNA network regulation.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Epigenetic modifiers to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of melanoma.Translational oncology · 2025Review
- The role of E3 ligases and deubiquitinases in PD-L1 regulation and the tumor microenvironment in renal cell carcinoma.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Monoclonal antibody immune therapy response instrument for stratification and cost-effective personalized approaches in 3PM-guided pan cancer management.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- Unmasking a Paradox: Roles of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Neuroinflammation.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Review
- Novel immune checkpoint inhibitor FilC/PD-1 recombinant vaccinia virus inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Advancements in Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Directions.Cureus · 2024Review
- Circulating receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) levels predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- PD-1 inhibition with retifanlimab and/or arginase inhibition with INCB001158 in Japanese patients with solid tumors: A phase I study.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- The diagnostic, prognostic, drug sensitivity and ceRNA internet ofTranslational cancer research · 2024Article
- Biomarkers for immunotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Antisense targeting of FOXP3+ Tregs to boost anti-tumor immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Autophagy-related long non-coding RNAs act as prognostic biomarkers and associate with tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Through genetic and epigenetic alterations, cancer cells present the immune system with a diversity of antigens or neoantigens, which the organism must distinguish from self. The immune system responds to neoantigens by activating naïve T cells, which mount an anticancer cytotoxic response. T cell activation begins when the T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with the antigen, which is displayed by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Subsequently, accessory stimulatory or inhibitory molecules transduce a secondary signal in concert with the TCR/antigen mediated stimulus. These molecules serve to modulate the activation signal's strength at the immune synapse. Therefore, the activation signal's optimum amplitude is maintained by a balance between the costimulatory and inhibitory signals. This system comprises the so-called immune checkpoints such as the programmed cell death (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and is crucial for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Cancers often evade the intrinsic anti-tumor activity present in normal physiology primarily by the downregulation of T cell activation. The blockade of the immune checkpoint inhibitors using specific monoclonal antibodies has emerged as a potentially powerful anticancer therapy strategy. Several drugs have been approved mainly for solid tumors. However, it has emerged that there are innate and acquired mechanisms by which resistance is developed against these therapies. Some of these are tumor-intrinsic mechanisms, while others are tumor-extrinsic whereby the microenvironment may have innate or acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. This review article will examine mechanisms by which resistance is mounted against immune checkpoint inhibitors focussing on anti-CTL4-A and anti-PD-1/PD-Ll since drugs targeting these checkpoints are the most developed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.