ArticleImmunometabolism2021
oxLDL-Induced Trained Immunity Is Dependent on Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming.
Article in Immunometabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Multi-omics characterization of Yao syndrome identifies three pathophysiological axes and disease-specific divergence from Blau syndrome.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Innate Immune Memory Responses in Organ Transplantation.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- Review
- Trained immunity modulators: A new frontier in immunoregulation and disease intervention.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- IFN-γ-induced trained immunity enhances killing of priority pathogens in healthy and genetically vulnerable individuals.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Trained immunity: new paradigm in the immunological memory of cardiovascular disease.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Interferon-sensitized hematopoietic progenitors dynamically alter organismal immunity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Recent perspectives on macrophage memory: types, mechanisms, and characteristics in pulmonary diseases.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Can Nuclear Imaging Detect Trained Immunity in Cardiovascular Disease?Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity and Cardiovascular Risk: An Immunological Perspective.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Examining the Interaction between Allergic Asthma and Air Pollution: a Potential Role for Trained Immunity.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in myeloid cells: a central deficit in autoimmune diseases.Trends in immunology · 2025Review
- Trained immunity induced by DAMPs and LAMPs in chronic inflammatory diseases.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Maladaptive trained immunity in viral infections.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Tricuspid Aortic Valve Regurgitation Associates With Ascending Aortic Aneurysm Through Endothelial Activation and Lipoprotein Infiltration.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Live fast, die young: neutrophils streamline their metabolism to maximize inflammation.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Trained Immunity Induced by Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Is Dependent on Glutaminolysis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- PI3K Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of COPD with Associated Atherosclerosis.Drugs · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 7 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Following brief exposure to endogenous atherogenic particles, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), monocytes/macrophages can adopt a long-term pro-inflammatory phenotype, which is called trained immunity. This mechanism might contribute to the chronic low-grade inflammation that characterizes atherosclerosis. In this study, we aim to elucidate immunometabolic pathways that drive oxLDL-induced trained immunity. Primary isolated human monocytes were exposed to oxLDL for 24 h, and after five days stimulated with LPS to measure the cytokine production capacity. RNA-sequencing revealed broad increases in genes enriched in mitochondrial pathways after 24 h of oxLDL exposure. Further omics profiling of oxLDL-trained macrophages via intracellular metabolomics showed an enrichment for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites. Single cell analysis revealed that oxLDL-trained macrophages contain larger mitochondria, potentially likely linked to increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity. Co-incubation with pharmacological blockers of OXPHOS inhibited oxLDL-induced trained immunity. The relevance of OXPHOS was confirmed in a cohort of 243 healthy subjects showing that genetic variation in genes coding for enzymes relevant to OXPHOS correlated with the capacity of monocytes to be trained with oxLDL. Interestingly, OXPHOS appears to play an important role in the increased cytokine hyperresponsiveness by oxLDL-trained macrophages. The TCA-cycle can also be fuelled by glutamine and free fatty acids, and pharmacological blockade of these pathways could prevent oxLDL-induced trained immunity. This study demonstrates that the mitochondria of oxLDL-trained macrophages undergo changes to their function and form with OXPHOS being an important mechanism for trained immunity, which could unveil novel pharmacological targets to prevent atherogenesis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.