ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Limitations of a Commercial Assay as Diagnostic Test of Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Features Associated With Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of the epidemiology of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: disease burden and clinical decision-making.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Cytokine/chemokine levels in the CSF and serum of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Current and Future Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review of Biomarker Detection Techniques and Their Performance.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Clinical utility of human leukocyte antigen genotyping and immunoglobulin G4 autoantibody testing in autoimmune neurological diseases: A focused minireview.World journal of biological chemistry · 2026Review
- Antineuronal antibody titres in autoimmune encephalitis: clinical implications for diagnosis and long-term immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Research progress on the association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and autoimmune encephalitis: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Overlap syndrome of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG-associated disease in a pediatric patient-literature insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Versus Autoimmune Encephalitis Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Modeling.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
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- Assessing Commercial Tissue-Based Assays for Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders (II): Antibodies to Surface Antigens.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Beyond the Lab Slip: Why Laboratory Expertise Matters in Neuronal Antibody Testing and Why Clinicians Should Care.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Development of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a patient with multiple sclerosis.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- Anti-IgLON5 Disease 10 Years Later: What We Know and What We Do Not Know.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Case Report: Acute polymorphic psychosis and NMDA-R IgG antibodies in serum: a follow-up case study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor 2 encephalitis with olfactory hallucination: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Comparison of commercial and in-house tissue-based and cell-based assays for the detection of autoantibodies targeting neuronal surface proteins: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Recent advances in autoimmune encephalitis.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Detection of neuronal surface antibodies (NSAb) is important for the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Although most clinical laboratories use a commercial diagnostic kit (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany) based on indirect immunofluorescence on transfected cells (IIFA), clinical experience suggests diagnostic limitations. Here, we assessed the performance of the commercial IIFA in serum and CSF samples of patients with suspected AE previously examined by rat brain immunohistochemistry (Cohort A). Of 6213 samples, 404 (6.5%) showed brain immunostaining suggestive of NSAb: 163 (40%) were positive by commercial IIFA and 241 (60%) were negative. When these 241 samples were re-assessed with in-house IIFA, 42 (18%) were positive: 21 (9%) had NSAb against antigens not included in the commercial IIFA and the other 21 (9%) had NSAb against antigens included in the commercial kit (false negative results). False negative results occurred more frequently with CSF (29% vs 10% in serum) and predominantly affected GABA
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.