ReviewNature medicine2021
100 years of insulin: celebrating the past, present and future of diabetes therapy.
Review in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative efficacy and safety of three fixed-ratio combination products in type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026 · on this mapPooled it
- Mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in the mangement of diabetes and its complications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Progress in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a systematic review.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Wearable Devices Using Artificial Intelligence for Blood Glucose Level Forecasting or Prediction: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy, safety and treatment satisfaction of transition to a regimen of insulin degludec/aspart: A pilot study.World journal of diabetes · 2025Trial
- Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis preserves β cell function in type 1 diabetes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Trial
- Experiential knowledge and peer support in type 1 diabetes: insights from endurance running communities.PEC innovation · 2026Article
- Insulin mimetics and non-canonical insulin receptor signaling: mechanisms and disease relevance.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Immunometabolic Dysregulation in Obesity: Integrating Macrophage Polarization, Metabolic Reprogramming, and Gut Microbiota Crosstalk.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- Diabetes Educators' Perspectives on MiniMed™ 780G Onboarding: Insights from a Multiregional Survey Across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Study on the expression changes of hepatic Gluconeogenesis-related proteins induced by insulin Overdose-related liver injury.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- How organs react under fasting or glucose-insulin status: a self-controlled study usingEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- A designed peptide disrupting viral protease cleavage restores cGAS-DNA phase separation and type I interferon responses.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Beta cell glucose sensitivity identifies clinical response to disease-modifying therapies initiated at stage 3 type 1 diabetes onset.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Immune context governs stage-specific responses to depleting anti-PD-1 antibody in type 1 diabetes.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- Hydrogel-Based Micro/Nanorobots for Advanced Biomedical Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- New and emerging therapies in type 1 diabetes mellitus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Reprogramming insulin receptor activation with a de novo agonist to overcome severe insulin resistance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Intersecting Molecular Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: Emerging Roles of Inflammation and Therapeutics.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Review
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The year 2021 marks the centennial of Banting and Best's landmark description of the discovery of insulin. This discovery and insulin's rapid clinical deployment effectively transformed type 1 diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. In this Review, we describe key accomplishments leading to and building on this momentous occasion in medical history, including advancements in our understanding of the role of insulin in diabetes pathophysiology, the molecular characterization of insulin and the clinical use of insulin. Achievements are also viewed through the lens of patients impacted by insulin therapy and the evolution of insulin pharmacokinetics and delivery over the past 100 years. Finally, we reflect on the future of insulin therapy and diabetes treatment, as well as challenges to be addressed moving forward, so that the full potential of this transformative discovery may be realized.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.