Trial reportCell research2021
Interferon-armed RBD dimer enhances the immunogenicity of RBD for sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Trial report in Cell research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of heterologous boosting against SARS-CoV-2 using a recombinant interferon-armed fusion protein vaccine (V-01): a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled phase III trial.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Trial
- Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus.Science advances · 2026Article
- Exposure route drives SARS-CoV-2 infection patterns in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Intranasal S-2P and lentinan formulation confers broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs via IFN-γ-dominant mechanisms.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- PRV gD-Based DNA Vaccine Candidates Adjuvanted with cGAS, UniSTING, or IFN-α Enhance Protective Immunity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Augmented humoral responses to HIV Env trimers delivered as transmembrane immunogens by self-replicating RNA.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Membrane-IL12 adjuvant mRNA vaccine polarizes pre-effector T cells for optimized tumor control.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- A broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 RBD vaccine with selected high-impact mutations and novel adjuvant induces durable T cell response and broad protection in mice.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models.Zoological research · 2024Review
- A Nasal Vaccine Candidate, Containing Three Antigenic Regions from SARS-CoV-2, to Induce a Broader Response.Vaccines · 2024Article
- A Review of Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: From Monovalent to Multivalent Formulations.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Innovations and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines for a Safer Tomorrow.Cureus · 2024Review
- Review
- Isolation and characterization of mpox virus from the first mpox case in Shenzhen, China.Virologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Enhanced Immunogenicity and Protective Effects against SARS-CoV-2 Following Immunization with a Recombinant RBD-IgG Chimeric Protein.Vaccines · 2024Article
- IFN-α armed gE elicits superior immunogenicity compared to unmodified antigens and flagellin armed gE in mice.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Harnessing preexisting influenza virus-specific immunity increases antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2.Journal of virology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
26 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global crisis, urgently necessitating the development of safe, efficacious, convenient-to-store, and low-cost vaccine options. A major challenge is that the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-only vaccine fails to trigger long-lasting protective immunity if used alone for vaccination. To enhance antigen processing and cross-presentation in draining lymph nodes (DLNs), we developed an interferon (IFN)-armed RBD dimerized by an immunoglobulin fragment (I-R-F). I-R-F efficiently directs immunity against RBD to DLNs. A low dose of I-R-F induces not only high titers of long-lasting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) but also more comprehensive T cell responses than RBD. Notably, I-R-F provides comprehensive protection in the form of a one-dose vaccine without an adjuvant. Our study shows that the pan-epitope modified human I-R-F (I-P-R-F) vaccine provides rapid and complete protection throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts against a high-dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Based on these promising results, we have initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I/II trial of the human I-P-R-F vaccine (V-01) in 180 healthy adults, and the vaccine appears safe and elicits strong antiviral immune responses. Due to its potency and safety, this engineered vaccine may become a next-generation vaccine candidate in the global effort to overcome COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.