ReviewCurrent opinion in rheumatology2021
Is severe COVID-19 a cytokine storm syndrome: a hyperinflammatory debate.
Review in Current opinion in rheumatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Re-evaluating cytokine storm syndromes: dysregulated host defense or contextual immune adaptation?European cytokine network · 2026Review
- Exploring the Association Between COVID-19 and Avascular Necrosis: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with an Accelerated eGFR Decline in Kidney Transplant Recipients up to Four Years Post Infection.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Regorafenib as a potential drug for severe COVID-19: inhibition of inflammasome activation in mice.FEBS open bio · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients with ConcurrentBiomedicines · 2025Article
- Cytokine Signatures as Biomarkers of Clinical Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Guideline-based strategies to identify severe cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 and cancer immunotherapy using large-scale electronic health records.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Interplay between Lung Diseases and Viral Infections: A Comprehensive Review.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Hypochloremia: A Potential Indicator of Poor Outcomes in COVID-19.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- TAFRO Syndrome and COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- [Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome : A multidisciplinary challenge].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2024Review
- Plasma Proteins Associated with COVID-19 Severity in Puerto Rico.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Pneumonia and Cytokine Storm Syndrome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis secondary to hemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by Corynebacterium Striatum.BMC nephrology · 2023Article
- Influence of polymorphic variations of IFNL, HLA, and IL-6 genes in severe cases of COVID-19.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Article
- Pentoxifylline Effects on Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients with Cytokine Storm Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, and Non-Anticoagulant Derivatives for the Treatment of Inflammatory Lung Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Vitamin D, Albumin, and D-Dimer as Significant Prognostic Markers in Early Hospitalization in Patients with COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Identification of Clinical Response Predictors of Tocilizumab Treatment in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Based on Single-Center Experience.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose of reviewThe COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health crisis with considerable mortality and morbidity. A role for cytokine storm and therapeutic immunomodulation in a subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19 was proposed early in the pandemic. The concept of cytokine storm in COVID-19 has been criticised, given the lack of clear definition and relatively modest cytokinaemia (which may be necessary for viral clearance) compared with acute respiratory distress syndrome and bacterial sepsis. Here we consider the arguments for and against the concept of cytokine storm in COVID-19. RECENT
findingsSeveral criteria have been proposed to identify the subgroup of COVID-19 patients exhibiting a cytokine storm. The beneficial effects of corticosteroids and interleukin-6 inhibition suggest that inflammation is a modifiable pathogenic component of severe COVID-19. The presence of genetic polymorphisms and pathogenic auto-autoantibodies in severe COVID-19 also suggests a significant contribution of immune dysregulation to poor outcomes. SUMMARY: Hyperinflammation is a key component of severe COVID-19, residing underneath the cytokine storm umbrella term, associated with poor outcomes. Better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis, with identification of biomarkers to predict treatment responses and prognosis, will hopefully enable a stratified and ultimately precision medicine approach.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.