ArticleJournal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)2021
Retinal tissue develops an inflammatory reaction to tobacco smoke and electronic cigarette vapor in mice.
Article in Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uveitis Associated with Conventional Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Predictors of vision-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the fellow eye after unilateral vitrectomy: a clinical and imaging-based study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Association between air pollutant exposure and ocular surface, anterior and middle segment and fundus eye diseases: epidemiological and mechanism evidence.Eye (London, England) · 2026Review
- Environmental Exposures and Oxidative Stress in Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictive lipidaemic and clinical factors for PVR formation after RRD surgery in nondiabetic patients.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
- Factors Associated With Retinal Vessel Traits in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia through neuroinflammatory pathways associated with retinal thinness.Nature. Mental health · 2025Article
- E-cigarette flavoring chemicals and vehicles adversely impact the functions of pigmented human retinal ARPE-19 cells.Toxicology reports · 2024Article
- Modeling complex age-related eye disease.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2024Review
- Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases: A Balancing Act.Metabolites · 2023Review
- Effects of E-Cigarette Refill Liquid Flavorings with and without Nicotine on Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Preliminary Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As an alternative to conventional cigarettes (C-cigarette), electronic cigarettes (E-cigarette) have been globally promoted and are currently widely used. The increasing usage of E-cigarettes raises concerns with regard to short- (2 weeks), medium- (3 months), and long- (8 months) term consequences related to retinal tissue. In this report, a controlled study in mouse models was conducted to probe the comprehensive effects of E-cigarette vapor on retina, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and choroidal tissues by (1) comparing the effects of C-cigarette smoke and E-cigarette vapor on retina separately and (2) determining the effects of E-cigarette vapor on the RPE and analyzing the changes with regard to inflammatory (IL-1β, TNFα, iNOS) and angiogenic (VEGF, PEDF) mediators in retina/RPE/choroid by ELISA assays. The data showed that C-cigarette smoke exposure promoted an inflammatory reaction in the retina in vivo. Mice exposed to E-cigarette (nicotine-free) vapor developed inflammatory and angiogenic reactions more pronounced in RPE and choroid as compared to retinal tissue, while nicotine-containing E-cigarette vapor caused even a more serious reaction. Both inflammatory and pro-angiogenic reactions increased with the extension of exposure time. These results demonstrate that exposure to C-cigarette smoke is harmful to the retina. Likewise, the exposure to E-cigarette vapor (with or without nicotine) increases the occurrence and progression of inflammatory and angiogenic stimuli in the retina, which might also be related to the onset of wet AMD in humans. KEY MESSAGES: C-cigarette smoke exposure promotes an inflammatory reaction in the retina in vivo. Mice exposed to E-cigarette (nicotine-free) vapor develop inflammatory and angiogenic reactions more pronounced in RPE and choroid compared to retinal tissue, while nicotine-containing E-cigarette vapor causes even a more serious reaction. Both inflammatory and pro-angiogenic reactions increase with the extension of E-cigarette vapor exposure time.
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