ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2022
Smoking and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer Subclassified by Tumor-Associated Macrophage Infiltrates.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cigarette smoking and long-term incidence of colorectal cancer subclassified by tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells: A prospective cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Smoking promotes colorectal cancer via the CKAP2L/AREG axis.International journal of oncology · 2026Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals the prognostic role of immune escape in the colorectal cancer microenvironment.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Unique role of the prospective cohort incident-tumor biobank method in etiological research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Review
- The early-onset cancer epidemics: evidence synthesis using the prospective cohort incident-tumor biobank method.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Review
- Cigarette smoke extract promotes metastasis and oxaliplatin resistance in colon adenocarcinoma through GDF15/ERBB2/AKT pathway.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Deciphering the impact of dietary habits and behavioral patterns on colorectal cancer.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2025Review
- Multi-Omics Analysis of Aberrances and Functional Implications of IRF5 in Digestive Tract Tumours.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
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- Identification and validation of cigarette smoking-related genes in predicting prostate cancer development through bioinformatic analysis and experiments.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Natural compounds modulate the mechanism of action of tumour-associated macrophages against colorectal cancer: a review.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Review
- α5-nAChR/ADAM10 signaling mediates nicotine-related cutaneous melanoma progression via STAT3 activation.Archives of dermatological research · 2024Article
- Integrating bulk-RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing analyses to characterize adenosine-enriched tumor microenvironment landscape and develop an adenosine-related prognostic signature predicting immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma.Functional & integrative genomics · 2024Article
- Role of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in tumor progression: Prognostic and therapeutic potential.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer · 2024Review
- Decoding Macrophage Subtypes to Engineer Modulating Hydrogels for the Alleviation of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Dissecting the pathogenic effects of smoking and its hallmarks in blood DNA methylation on colorectal cancer risk.British journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Burden of early-onset colorectal cancer along with attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a comparative study between China and other G20 countries.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Genome-wide Interaction Study with Smoking for Colorectal Cancer Risk Identifies Novel Genetic Loci Related to Tumor Suppression, Inflammation, and Immune Response.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Association of cigarette smoking with risk of colorectal cancer subtypes classified by gut microbiota.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBiological evidence indicates that smoking can influence macrophage functions and polarization, thereby promoting tumor evolution. We hypothesized that the association of smoking with colorectal cancer incidence might differ by macrophage infiltrates.
methodsUsing the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we examined the association of smoking with incidence of colorectal cancer subclassified by macrophage counts. Multiplexed immunofluorescence (for CD68, CD86, IRF5, MAF, and MRC1 [CD206]) combined with digital image analysis and machine learning was used to identify overall, M1-polarized, and M2-polarized macrophages in tumor. We used inverse-probability-weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models to control for potential confounders and selection bias because of tissue data availability. All statistical tests were 2-sided.
resultsDuring follow-up of 131 144 participants (3 648 370 person-years), we documented 3092 incident colorectal cancer cases, including 871 cases with available macrophage data. The association of pack-years smoked with colorectal cancer incidence differed by stromal macrophage densities (Pheterogeneity = .003). Compared with never smoking, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for tumors with low macrophage densities were 1.32 (0.97 to 1.79) for 1-19 pack-years, 1.31 (0.92 to 1.85) for 20-39 pack-years, and 1.74 (1.26 to 2.41) for 40 or more pack-years (Ptrend = .004). In contrast, pack-years smoked was not statistically significantly associated with the incidence of tumors having intermediate or high macrophage densities (Ptrend > .009, with an α level of .005). No statistically significant differential association was found for colorectal cancer subclassified by M1-like or M2-like macrophages.
conclusionsThe association of smoking with colorectal cancer incidence is stronger for tumors with lower stromal macrophage counts. Our findings suggest an interplay of smoking and macrophages in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.