ArticleBMJ open ophthalmology2021
Pro-inflammatory cytokine profile is present in the serum of Mexican patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy secondary to type 2 diabetes.
Article in BMJ open ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of ocular and circulatory cytokines linking diabetic retinopathy to kidney disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Creatinine as a predictor of proliferative diabetic retinopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the relationship between ocular and peripheral serum IL-17A and diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Correlation between the progression of diabetic retinopathy and inflammasome biomarkers in vitreous and serum - a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Dynamic cytokine profiles across the progression of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with diabetic retinopathy development.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Association of ABO Gene rs2073823 Polymorphism with Microvascular Complications, sP-Selectin Levels and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes.Current diabetes reviews · 2026Article
- Tear Film Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in Inflammatory Plasma Proteins in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- The Role of Th17/Treg Axis in Retinal Pathology Associated with Diabetes and Treatment Options.Biology · 2025Review
- Article
- Serum Albumin and Glycemic Variability Could Contribute to Diabetic Retinopathy Progression by Regulating Chronic Inflammatory Pathways.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Vitreous from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy induced changes in neutrophil activation markers.Molecular vision · 2025Article
- Albumin-to-neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: a novel dual-pathway biomarker for diabetic retinopathy risk assessment.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Combination of red blood cell distribution width and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio for predicting severity of diabetic retinopathy.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Cross-Talk: Molecular and Therapeutic Perspectives for Cardiometabolic Disease: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction, andAntioxidants & redox signaling · 2024Review
- The Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy Corresponds with Corneal Nerve Alterations and Ocular Discomfort of the Patient.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Correlation of periodontal inflamed surface area with glycated hemoglobin, interleukin-6 and lipoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes with retinopathy.World journal of diabetes · 2024Article
- Peptain-1 blocks ischemia/reperfusion-induced retinal capillary degeneration in mice.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimIt's been reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR); this may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. The aim of this study is to measure the concentration of various inflammatory cytokines from the main CD4+ T helper inflammatory responses in blood serum from Mexican patients with DR in different stages using cytometric bead array (CBA) technology and correlate them with the presence and severity of DR in order to find possible DR biomarkers that serve as diagnostic or therapeutic predictors.
methods64 subjects were included in the study, 16 in the control group, 16 in the type 2 diabetes mellitus no DR (NDR) group, 16 in the non-proliferative DR (NPDR) group and 16 in the proliferative DR (PDR) group. Cytokine concentrations of interleukin (IL) 1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon-gamma in serum samples were measured using Human Inflammatory and TH1/TH2/TH17 CBA Kit.
resultsIL-6, IL-12, IL-17a and TNFα were significantly higher in the patients with DR compared with the control group. The PDR group showed a slightly lower concentration of serum cytokines IL-6, IL-12 and IL-17a. TNFα showed a higher concentration compared with healthy controls, NDR and NPDR subjects. We also found a positive statistical correlation between the presence and severity of DR with the clinical parameters haemoglobin A1c, body mass index and serum creatinine and the concentration of serum cytokines IL-6 and TNFα.
conclusionOur findings suggest that patients with diabetes and DR have a stronger chronic inflammatory profile compared with non-diabetic subjects.
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