ArticleOncotarget2021
Multifaceted effect of chlorpromazine in cancer: implications for cancer treatment.
Article in Oncotarget, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mdivi-1 augments chlorpromazine's anticancer effect via modulation of mitochondrial dynamics, hallmarks of cancer-related cellular behavior, and oxidative stress.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Article
- Repurposing Antipsychotic Agents in Oncology: Mechanistic Rationale, Emerging Evidence, and Therapeutic Potential.Cancers · 2026Review
- Repurposing Antipsychotics in Cancer Therapy: Modulation of Autophagy Mechanisms.Clinical drug investigation · 2026Review
- Repurposing tricyclic drugs as cancer therapeutics: comparative analysis of antitumorigenic effects of chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and imipramine.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Network-driven prioritization and functional phenotyping nominate TTC23 as a biomarker-informed target in chlorpromazine repurposing for glioblastoma.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Laser-Induced Dimeric Photoproducts of Chlorpromazine: LC-MS Identification and Molecular Docking Evidence of Enhanced Anticancer Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Repurposing chlorpromazine for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis based on modulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Harnessing Drug Repurposing to Combat Breast Cancer by Targeting Altered Metabolism and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Pathways.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Review
- Cellular and molecular aspects of drug resistance in cancers.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2024Review
- Enhancement of chlorpromazine efficacy in breast cancer treatment by 266 nm laser irradiation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Adsorption of Chlorpromazine on the Surface of Gold Nanoparticles and Its Effect on the Toxicity to Selected Mammalian Cells.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Novel Tetracyclic Azaphenothiazines with the Quinoline Ring as New Anticancer and Antibacterial Derivatives of Chlorpromazine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The cytotoxic effects of prazosin, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol on hepatocellular carcinoma and immortalized non-tumor liver cells.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Article
- The phenomenon of phototoxicity and long-term risks of commonly prescribed and structurally diverse drugs.Journal of photochemistry and photobiology · 2024Article
- A Surprising Repurposing of Central Nervous System Drugs against Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder, UM-UC-5.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Targeting regulated cell death pathways in cancers for effective treatment: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- The Role of Dopamine in Repurposing Drugs for Oncology.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Repurposing Antipsychotics for Cancer Treatment.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Challenges in Treating Cancer Patients With Unstable Psychiatric Disorder.World journal of oncology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1951, chlorpromazine (CPZ) has been one of the most widely used antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In addition to its antipsychotic effect, many studies in the last several decades have found that CPZ has a potent antitumorigenic effect. These studies have shown that CPZ affects a number of molecular oncogenic targets through multiple pathways, including the regulation of cell cycle, cancer growth and metastasis, chemo-resistance and stemness of cancer cells. Here we review studies on molecular mechanisms of CPZ's action on key proteins involved in cancer, including p53, YAP, Ras protein, ion channels, and MAPKs. We discuss common and overlapping signaling pathways of CPZ's action, its cancer-type specificity, antitumorigenic effects of CPZ reported in animal models and population studies on the rate of cancer in psychiatric patients. We also discuss the potential benefits and limitations of repurposing CPZ for cancer treatment.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.