ReviewInfection and drug resistance2021
Alteration of Gut Microbiota and Its Impact on Immune Response in Patients with Chronic HBV Infection: A Review.
Review in Infection and drug resistance, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The role of gut microbiota in modulating immune responses in chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of Biejiajian Pill on Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Hepatitis B Cirrhosis/Liver Fibrosis: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2023Trial
- Disrupted Gut Viral-Bacterial Ecology of Patients With Liver Cirrhosis.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis in sepsis and sepsis-associated organ injury: mechanisms, gut-organ axes, and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis and bile acid in patients with hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Immune Modulation by Microbiota and Its Possible Impact on Polyomavirus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Insights and future directions in studying intestinal microbiota post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for hepatitis B virus-related portal hypertension.World journal of gastroenterology · 2024Review
- Role of tenofovir dipivoxil in gut microbiota recovery from HBV-infection induced dysbiosis.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Alterations in the gut microbiome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with hepatitis B virus-related portal hypertension.World journal of gastroenterology · 2024Observational
- Difference of gut microbiota between patients with negative and positive HBeAg in chronic hepatitis B and the effect of tenofovir alafenamide on intestinal flora.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Intestinal flora plays a role in the progression of hepatitis-cirrhosis-liver cancer.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Exploration of new therapeutic targets for viral hepatic fibrosis, alcoholic hepatic fibrosis, and non-alcoholic hepatic fibrosis.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Gut microbiota alteration and modulation in hepatitis B virus-related fibrosis and complications: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic inventions.World journal of gastroenterology · 2022Review
- Gut microbiota composition in COVID-19 hospitalized patients with mild or severe symptoms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- I've looked at gut from both sides now: Gastrointestinal tract involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV/SIV infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Fluctuating hepatitis B viremia: Full of sound and fury, signifying nothing?Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology AssociationArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a source of substantial global health problems, particularly in economically underdeveloped and/or developing countries. It is the primary cause of severe liver disorders such as liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is connected by the bile duct to the small intestine that carries bile produced in the liver to the intestine. The liver is the initial organ exposed to materials originating from the gut including dietary compounds, bacteria, and their products. Human intestines harbor a wide diversity of the community of microbes which are collectively termed as gut microbiota. In chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus, microbial alteration of the gut is a source of systemic immune activation. Besides, gut permeability is altered in hepatitis B virus-infected patients with an increased bacterial translocation and endotoxin load in the portal vein that caused toll-like receptor activation in the liver, which facilitates immune-mediated liver injury. Toll-like receptors further triggered the host-wide inflammatory response by inducing signaling cascades such as nuclear factor-kappa B-linked pathways and by accelerating cytokine secretion like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which evokes chronic inflammation and leads to liver lesion formation, fibrosis progression, and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development. In conclusion, changes in intestinal flora play an important role in encouraging the production of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the maintenance of intestinal microecology of patients which can provide a sound foundation for the treatment of chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus.
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