Trial reportScientific reports2021
Effect of vestibular exercise and optokinetic stimulation using virtual reality in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness.
Trial report in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of balance, anxiety, and depression outcomes.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of vestibular rehabilitation therapy in patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Optokinetic stimulation for the treatment of vestibular and balance disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological interventions for persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Differentiating Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness from Anxiety Disorder Using Behavioral Responses to Complex Visual Environments.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- [Gait characteristics in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness].Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery · 2026Article
- Evolution of Research on Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis from 1994 to 2025.Audiology research · 2026Review
- Anxiety-Related Functional Dizziness: A Systematic Review of the Recent Evidence on Vestibular, Cognitive Behavioral, and Integrative Therapies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a phenotype-oriented approach to practical management.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- Neurotransmitter regulatory networks in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: potential mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Review
- The Role of Vestibular Physical Therapy in Managing Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Function and Its Impact on Postural Stability and Quality of Life in Cochlear Implant Recipients: A Cross-Sectional Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Athens-Lübeck Questionnaire: a tool to discriminate between subtypes of persistent postural perceptual dizziness.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Research Progress on the Potential Pathogenesis of Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- Effect of vestibular rehabilitation games in patients with persistent postural perceptual dizziness and its relation to anxiety and depression: prospective study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- Compensatory strategies after an acute unilateral vestibulopathy: a prospective observational study.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Observational
- Comparative effectiveness of non- pharmacological treatments in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: a systematic review and effect sizes analyses.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Virtual reality in functional neurological disorder: a theoretical framework and research agenda for use in the real world.BMJ neurology open · 2024Review
- The effect of self-management vestibular rehabilitation on persistent postural-perceptual dizziness.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2023Article
- Virtual reality-based interventions for the rehabilitation of vestibular and balance impairments post-concussion: a scoping review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To determine the effect of customized vestibular exercise (VE) and optokinetic stimulation (OS) using a virtual reality system in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Patients diagnosed with PPPD were randomly assigned to the VE group or VE with OS group. All participants received VE for 20 min using a virtual reality system with a head mount display once a week for 4 weeks. The patients in the VE with OS group additionally received OS for 9 min. We analysed the questionnaires, timed up-to-go (TUG) test, and posturography scores at baseline and after 4 weeks. A total of 28 patients (median age = 74.5, IQR 66-78, men = 12) completed the intervention. From baseline to 4 weeks, the dizziness handicap inventory, activities of daily living (ADL), visual vertigo analogue scale, and TUG improved in the VE group, but only ADL and TUG improved in the VE with OS group. Patients with severe visual vertigo improved more on their symptoms than patients with lesser visual vertigo (Pearson's p = 0.716, p < 0.001). Our VE program can improve dizziness, quality of life, and gait function in PPPD; however, additional optokinetic stimuli should be applied for individuals with visual vertigo symptoms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.