ArticleNature communications2021
Lineage-specific protection and immune imprinting shape the age distributions of influenza B cases.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparisons in the Health and Economic Assessments of Using Quadrivalent Versus Trivalent Influenza Vaccines: A Systematic Literature Review.Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research · 2023Pooled it
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Identifying the viral and epidemiological factors behind the apparent global extinction of influenza B/Yamagata.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalization in Children and the Effects of Repeated Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The pathogen spectrum of influenza-like illness in Guilin, China, 2023-2024.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prophylactic monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus in early life: An in-depth review of mechanisms of action, failure factors, and future perspectives.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Review
- Unraveling the mechanism behind the probable extinction of the B/Yamagata lineage of influenza B viruses.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Immunity to Influenza B/Yamagata-Lineage Viruses Has Not Waned Since the Disappearance of This Virus Lineage.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- The Persistence of Cross-Reactive Immunity to Influenza B/Yamagata Neuraminidase Despite the Disappearance of the Lineage: Structural and Serological Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Neuraminidase-specific antibodies drive differential cross-protection between contemporary FLUBV lineages.Science advances · 2025Article
- Forecasting framework for dominant SARS-CoV-2 strains before clade replacement using phylogeny-informed genetic distances.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Preclinical evaluation of a universal inactivated influenza B vaccine based on the mosaic hemagglutinin-approach.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Triton X-100-treated virus-based ELLA demonstrates discordant antigenic evolution of influenza B virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Immunological imprinting and risks of influenza B virus infection.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Immune imprinting in early life shapes cross-reactivity to influenza B virus haemagglutinin.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Co-evolution of immunity and seasonal influenza viruses.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
How a history of influenza virus infections contributes to protection is not fully understood, but such protection might explain the contrasting age distributions of cases of the two lineages of influenza B, B/Victoria and B/Yamagata. Fitting a statistical model to those distributions using surveillance data from New Zealand, we found they could be explained by historical changes in lineage frequencies combined with cross-protection between strains of the same lineage. We found additional protection against B/Yamagata in people for whom it was their first influenza B infection, similar to the immune imprinting observed in influenza A. While the data were not informative about B/Victoria imprinting, B/Yamagata imprinting could explain the fewer B/Yamagata than B/Victoria cases in cohorts born in the 1990s and the bimodal age distribution of B/Yamagata cases. Longitudinal studies can test if these forms of protection inferred from historical data extend to more recent strains and other populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.