ArticleBMJ open2021
Development and validation of the Oxford Pandemic Attitude Scale-COVID-19 (OPAS-C): an internet-based cross-sectional study in the UK and USA.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and validation of the Oxford Attitudes to Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Scale.JAAD international · 2026Article
- Development and validation of the Oxford Benchmark Scale for Rating Vaccine Technologies (OBSRVT), a scale for assessing public attitudes to next-generation vaccine delivery technologies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Discriminative Cut-Offs, Concurrent Criterion Validity, and Test-Retest Reliability of the Oxford Vaccine Hesitancy Scale.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Validation of a Questionnaire on COVID-19 Knowledge and Attitude for Dental Patients.Frontiers in dentistry · 2024Article
- Article
- Development and psychometric validation of new questionnaires assessing experienced discrimination and internalised stigma among people with Covid-19.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2022Article
- Sleep Quality Impairment Is Associated With Pandemic Attitudes During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Circuit Breaker Lockdown in England: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectivesTo develop and validate the Oxford Pandemic Attitude Scale-COVID-19 (OPAS-C), a multidimensional scale that addresses seven domains over 20 items including stress, fear, loneliness, sense of community, belief that the pandemic is a hoax or exaggerated, the use of and attitude to non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccine hesitancy, in a single measure.
designCross-sectional validation study.
settingInternet based with respondents in the USA and UK.
participantsGeneral community respondents using the Prolific Academic platform.
main outcome measuresExploratory factor analyses with promax oblique rotation and confirmatory factor analysis including goodness of fit indices: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardised root mean square residual (SRMR) and comparative fit index (CFI). Reliability as internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. Convergent and discriminant validity using Pearson correlation coefficients.
resultsThe sample included 351 respondents in the USA and the factorial structure was confirmed using a separate set of 348 respondents in the UK. The OPAS-C had excellent goodness of fit characteristics, with an RMSEA of 0.047 (90% CI 0.037 to 0.056), SRMR of 0.043 and CFI of 0.962. Reliability was excellent, demonstrating Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 in both the US and UK samples. Convergent validity showed correlation coefficients of 0.54 and 0.49 in the US and UK samples, respectively. Discriminant validity demonstrated correlations of 0.21 and 0.26 in the US and UK samples, respectively.
conclusionsThe OPAS-C represents the first validated scale that addresses mental health measures and public health-relevant responses to COVID-19, and may be a useful measure for use in future longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Further international validation beyond the USA and UK may be helpful.
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