ArticlePublic health nutrition2021
Disparities and spatial variations of high salt intake in Iran: a subnational study of districts based on the small area estimation method.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Dietary Salt Intake on Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Equity in the distribution of general practitioners and specialists in Iran: a health needs-adjusted analysis using the Robin Hood index (2006-2019).Human resources for health · 2026Article
- Article
- Taxing mechanisms on salty foods: investigation of effectiveness through price elasticity and cross price elasticity of demand.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Association of serum levels and intakes of sodium and potassium with hypertension in the MASHAD cohort study population: a cross-sectional study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Pattern of salt intake among Iranian hypertensive patients: insights from the 2021 STEPS study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Salt Contents in Fermented Dairy Products: A Strategic Blueprint for Healthier Intake.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- The levels and trends of metabolic risk factors in the elderly population at the national and sub-national scale in Iran from 1990 to 2016.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2023Article
- 'Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model'.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2023Article
- Metabolic risk factors attributed burden in Iran at national and subnational levels, 1990 to 2019.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Strategies to improve the quality of wheat- flour- bread chain in Iran: the perspective of different stakeholders.BMC research notes · 2022Article
- Assessing the effect of socioeconomic factors on prevalence of dyslipidemia among iranian adult population; district level analysis from 2016 STEPS national study using small area estimation.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2022Article
- Ideal cardiovascular health status and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: over a decade of follow-up in the Tehran lipid and glucose study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
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15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveHigh salt intake is one of the leading diet-related risk factors for several non-communicable diseases. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of high salt intake in Iran.
designA modelling study by the small area estimation method, based on a nationwide cross-sectional survey, Iran STEPwise approach to risk factor Surveillance (STEPS) 2016. The modelling estimated the prevalence of high salt intake, defined as a daily salt intake ≥ 5 g in all districts of Iran based on data from available districts. The modelling results were provided in different geographical and socio-economic scales to make the comparison possible across the country.
setting429 districts of all provinces of Iran, 2016.
participants18 635 salt intake measurements from individuals 25 years old and above who participated in the Iran STEPS 2016 survey.
resultsAll districts in Iran had a high prevalence of high salt intake. The estimated prevalence of high salt intake among females of all districts ranged between 72·68 % (95 % UI 58·48, 84·81) and 95·04 % (95 % UI 87·10, 100). Estimated prevalence for males ranged between 88·44 % (95 % UI 80·29, 96·15) and 98·64 % (95 % UI 94·97, 100). In all categorisations, males had a significantly higher prevalence of high salt intake. Among females, the population with the lower economic status had a higher salt consumption than the participants with higher economic status by investigating the concentration index.
conclusionsFindings of this study highlight the high salt intake as a prominent risk factor in all Iran regions, despite some variations in different scales. More suitable population-wide policies are warranted to handle this public health issue in Iran.
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