Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34261536›Full record

ArticleJournal of eating disorders2021

Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender minority populations.

Jason M Nagata, Emilio J Compte, F Hunter McGuire, Jason M Lavender, Tiffany A Brown, Stuart B Murray, Annesa Flentje, Matthew R Capriotti, Micah E Lubensky, Juno Obedin-Maliver and 1 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of eating disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
1.9field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Muscle dysmorphia in adolescents and young adults.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.

Jason M NagataDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. jasonmnagata@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-0604
Emilio J CompteEating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
F Hunter McGuireThe Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Jason M LavenderMilitary Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Tiffany A BrownDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Stuart B MurrayDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Annesa FlentjeDepartment of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Matthew R CapriottiThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Micah E LubenskyDepartment of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Juno Obedin-MaliverThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Mitchell R LunnThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Pride Foundation · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USAdolfo Ibáñez University · CLSan Diego State University · USUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences · USUniversity of Southern California · USWashington University in St. Louis · US

Funding

UCSF-Kaiser Urological Epidemiology Research Career Development ProgramK12DK111028 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HUANG, ALISON · 2016 to 2025
$5.3M
Gene expression outcomes in interventions for substance using HIV+ minority menK23DA039800 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI FLENTJE, ANNESA · 2015 to 2019
$1.0M
Fear Conditioning and Fear Extinction in Anorexia NervosaK23MH115184 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI MURRAY, STUART B · 2017 to 2021
$990k
NIDA NIH HHS K23 DA039800NIDA NIH HHS K23DA039800NIDDK NIH HHS K12 DK111028NIDDK NIH HHS K12DK111028NIH HHS K23 MH115184NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH115184Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute PPRN-1501-26848
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeRepresenting the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of heightened body image-related concerns among gender minority populations, little is known about the degree of MD symptoms among gender minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to assess community norms of the MDDI in gender-expansive people, transgender men, and transgender women.

methodData from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people, were examined. We calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores among gender-expansive people (i.e., those who identify outside of the binary system of man or woman; n = 1023), transgender men (n = 326), and transgender women (n = 177). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess group differences and post hoc Dunn's tests were used to examine pairwise differences.

resultsTransgender men reported the highest mean MDDI total score (30.5 ± 7.5), followed by gender-expansive people (27.2 ± 6.7), then transgender women (24.6 ± 5.7). The differences in total MDDI score were driven largely by the Drive for Size subscale and, to a lesser extent, the Functional Impairment subscale. There were no significant differences in the Appearance Intolerance subscale among the three groups.

conclusionsTransgender men reported higher Drive for Size, Functional Impairment, and Total MDDI scores compared to gender-expansive people and transgender women. These norms provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among gender minorities and can aid researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of MDDI scores among gender minority populations.

Indexed as

Body dissatisfactionBody dysmorphiaBody imageGender minorityGender non-conformingGenderqueerLGBTQMuscle dysmorphiaMuscle dysmorphic disorderTransgender

Identifiers

PMID34261536
PMCPMC8278632
OpenAlexW3179047756

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.