SynthesisThe journal of headache and pain2021
Comorbidities of primary headache disorders: a literature review with meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The journal of headache and pain, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06957873 (Evaluation of the Relationship Between Craniovertebral Angle and Fibromyalgia Symptom Severity), which is not on this map. Cited by 113 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Craniovertebral Angle and Fibromyalgia Symptom Severity
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 198 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors associated to disability in primary headaches: a systematic review to inform future iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of Dietary Patterns on Migraine Management: Mechanisms of Action and Recent Literature Insights.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of low dose thyroxine in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and migraine; systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of primary headaches on disability outcomes: a literature review and meta-analysis to inform future iterations of the Global Burden of Disease study.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Pooled it
- Personality in Chronic Headache: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Pain research & management · 2023Pooled it
- Migraine, Tension-Type Headache and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Pooled it
- Food-specific IgG-based elimination diet decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and CGRP and improved symptoms in adults with migraine.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Trial
- A Preliminary Analysis on the Feasibility and Short-Term Efficacy of a Phase-III RCT on Mindfulness Added to Treatment as Usual for Patients with Chronic Migraine and Medication Overuse Headache.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Migraine and Obesity: From Shared Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- Psychiatric Comorbidity Outweighs Headache Subtype As A Predictor Of Disability In Chronic Daily Headache: A Matched-Control Study.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2026Article
- [Migraine patients treated with CGRP(R) antibodies : Are they different from patients treated with nonspecific oral prophylaxis? Analysis from the DMKG headache registry].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Dopaminergic Dysregulation in Migraine: From Hypothalamic A11 Dysfunction to a Systemic Biobehavioral Phenotype.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Real-World Characteristics and Treatment Patterns of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibody Users: a Japanese Claims Database-Based Study.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
- Psychiatric Disorders, Headache Comorbidity, and Quality of Life in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Efficacy of prefrontal-occipital transcranial direct current stimulation for refractory chronic migraine.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Psychological interventions for migraine.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Wildfire-Sourced PM2.5 and Emergency Department Visits for Migraine and Other Primary Headache.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Pediatric New Daily Persistent Headache: Integrating Novel Research Methods to Support and Delineate Evolving Clinical Phenotypes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Decoding the lipid-migraine link: a genetic and lipidomic investigation of migraine subtypes.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Article
- The Therapeutic Home Environment for Chronic Diseases: A Transdisciplinary Ecosystem for Achieving Migraine Freedom and Managing Comorbid Anxiety, Insomnia, and Chronic Pain.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
18 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrimary headache disorders are common and burdensome conditions. They are associated to several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular or psychiatric ones, which, in turn, contribute to the global burden of headache. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of the pooled prevalence of comorbidities of primary headache disorders using a meta-analytical approach based on studies published between 2000 and 2020.
methodsScopus was searched for primary research (clinical and population studies) in which medical comorbidities were described in adults with primary headache disorders. Comorbidities were extracted using a taxonomy derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. We compared prevalence of comorbidities among headache sufferers against general population using GBD-2019 estimates, and compared comorbidities' proportions in clinical vs. population studies, and by age and gender.
resultsA total of 139 studies reporting information on 4.19 million subjects with primary headaches were included: in total 2.75 million comorbidities were reported (median per subject 0.64, interquartile range 0.32-1.07). The most frequently addressed comorbidities were: depressive disorders, addressed in 51 studies (pooled proportion 23 %, 95 % CI 20-26 %); hypertension, addressed in 48 studies (pooled proportion 24 %, 95 % CI 22-26 %); anxiety disorders addressed in 40 studies (pooled proportion 25 %, 95 % CI 22-28 %). For conditions such as anxiety, depression and back pain, prevalence among headache sufferers was higher than in GBD-2109 estimates. Associations with average age and female prevalence within studies showed that hypertension was more frequent in studies with higher age and less females, whereas fibromyalgia, restless leg syndrome, and depressive disorders were more frequent in studies with younger age and more female.
conclusionsSome of the most relevant comorbidities of primary headache disorders - back pain, anxiety and depression, diabetes, ischemic heart disease and stroke - are among the most burdensome conditions, together with headache themselves, according to the GBD study. A joint treatment of headaches and of these comorbidities may positively impact on headache sufferers' health status and contribute to reduce the impact of a group of highly burdensome diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.