ArticleNeuroImage2021
Evidence for normal extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic males from middle childhood to adulthood.
Article in NeuroImage, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reference Trajectories of Extra-Axial Cerebrospinal Fluid during Childhood and Adolescence Defined in a Clinically Acquired MRI Dataset.Radiology. Artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Perivascular Spaces: An Integrative Perspective Across the Lifespan.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Perivascular Space Burden in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Correlates With Neurodevelopmental Severity.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2025Article
- Benign External Hydrocephalus in a Subgroup of Autistic Children Prior to Autism Diagnosis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Assessment of glymphatic function and white matter integrity in children with autism using multi-parametric MRI and machine learning.European radiology · 2025Article
- Neurobiological basis of autism spectrum disorder: mini review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Review
- Application of Multimodal MRI in the Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- No difference in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes across neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions in later childhood and adolescence.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2023Article
- Neuroimaging Techniques as Descriptive and Diagnostic Tools for Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder has long been associated with a variety of organizational and developmental abnormalities in the brain. An increase in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic individuals between the ages of 6 months and 4 years has been reported in recent studies. Increased extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume was predictive of the diagnosis and severity of the autistic symptoms in all of them, irrespective of genetic risk for developing the disorder. In the present study, we explored the trajectory of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume from childhood to adulthood in both autism and typical development. We hypothesized that an elevated extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume would be found in autism persisting throughout the age range studied. We tested the hypothesis by employing an accelerated, multi-cohort longitudinal data set of 189 individuals (97 autistic, 92 typically developing). Each individual had been scanned between 1 and 5 times, with scanning sessions separated by 2-3 years, for a total of 439 T1-weighted MRI scans. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare developmental, age-related changes in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume between groups. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, we found no group differences in extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in this cohort of individuals 3 to 42 years of age. Our results suggest that extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volume in autistic individuals is not increased compared with controls beyond four years of age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.