Trial reportJournal of the International AIDS Society2021
Cognitive outcomes at ages seven and nine years in South African children from the children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) trial: a longitudinal investigation.
Trial report in Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive outcomes at ages seven and nine years in South African children from the children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) trial: a longitudinal investigation.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- Autovaccination revisited: potential to boost antiviral immunity and facilitate HIV-1 cure/remission in children.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Review
- Analytical treatment interruption in children living with HIV: position statement from the EPIICAL consortium.The lancet. HIV · 2024Review
- Motivation levels and white matter microstructure in children living with HIV.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Reduced white matter maturation in the central auditory system of children living with HIV.Frontiers in neuroimaging · 2024Article
- Similar cortical morphometry trajectories from 5 to 9 years in children with perinatal HIV who started treatment before age 2 years and uninfected controls.BMC neuroscience · 2023Article
- Multimodal magnetic resonance neuroimaging measures characteristic of early cART-treated pediatric HIV: A feature selection approach.Human brain mapping · 2022Article
- Neuroinflammation in HIV-associated depression: evidence and future perspectives.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Review
- Antiretroviral choice and severe disease predict poorer neuropsychological outcomes in HIV+ children from Africa.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMany children living with HIV (CLWH) display impaired cognition. Although early combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) produces improved cognitive outcomes, more long-term outcome data are needed. After concluding the Children with HIV Early antiRetroviral (CHER) trial in 2011, we investigated cognitive performance, at seven and nine years of age. Participants had been randomized to deferred ART (ART-Def; n = 22); immediate time-limited ART for 40 weeks (ART-40W; n = 30) and immediate time-limited ART for 96 weeks (ART-96W; n = 18). We also recruited HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU; n = 28) and HIV-unexposed (CHU; n = 35) children.
methodsData were collected between May 2012 and December 2017. Mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVAs assessed differences over time between CLWH (ART-40W, ART-96W and ART-Def) and CHIV- CHEU and CHU between ART-Early (ART-40W and ART-96W), ART-Def, CHEU and CHU; and between ART-40W, ART-96W, ART-Def, CHEU and CHU.
resultsAll comparisons found significant effects of Time for most outcome variables (better scores at nine than at seven years; ps < 0.05). The first ANOVAs found that for (a) motor dexterity, CLWH performed worse than CHIV- at seven years (p < 0.001) but improved to equivalence at nine years, (b) visual-spatial processing and problem solving, only CLWH (p < 0.04) showed significant performance improvement over time and (c) working memory and executive function, CLWH performed worse than CHIV- at both seven and nine years (p = 0.03 and 0.04). The second ANOVAs found that for (a) working memory, CHU performed better than ART-Early and CHEU (p < 0.01 and <0.04), and (b) motor dexterity, ART-Def performed worse than ART-Early, CHEU and CHU at seven years (p = 0.02, <0.001 and <0.001 respectively) but improved to equivalence at nine years (ps > 0.17). Similarly, for motor dexterity, ART-Def performed worse than ART-96W, CHEU and CHU at seven years (p < 0.04, <0.001 and <0.001) but improved to equivalence at nine years (ps > 0.20).
conclusionsAlthough neurocognitive developmental trajectories for treatment groups and controls were largely similar (i.e. performance improvements from 7 to 9), all ART-treated children, regardless of treatment arm, remain at risk for cognitive deficits over early school ages. Although the nature of these deficits may change as cognitive development proceeds, there are potential negative consequences for these children's future learning, reasoning and adaptive functioning.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.