ArticleJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2021
Intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 attenuates chronic cognitive deficits via beneficial microglial responses in experimental traumatic brain injury.
Article in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microglia in Post-Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Cognitive Impairment: From Pathological Changes to Therapeutic Approaches.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Tissue-Resident Macrophage in Inflammation and Cancer.MedComm · 2026Review
- IL-4 in Alzheimer's Disease-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Discovery and Characterization of Interleukin-4-Specific Affibodies for Affinity-Controlled Protein Release and Macrophage Polarization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Nasal-Brain Drug Delivery Route: Mechanisms and Applications to Central Nervous System Diseases.MedComm · 2025Review
- White matter hyperintensities, inflammation and cognitive impairments in drug-naïve first episode schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Genetic deletion of G protein-coupled receptor 56 aggravates traumatic brain injury through the microglial CCL3/4/5 upregulation targeted to CCR5.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Effect of remimazolam toluene sulfonate on the cognitive function of juveniles and its mechanism of action.European journal of medical research · 2024Article
- β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 1 protects against cerebral ischemia injury in mice by suppressing ferroptosis via the TAZ/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Activation of GPER-1 Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurological Impairments in Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Loss of microRNA-15a/16-1 function promotes neuropathological and functional recovery in experimental traumatic brain injury.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Microglial histone deacetylase 2 is dispensable for functional and histological outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2024Article
- Inflammatory Markers Associated with Physical Frailty and Cognitive Impairment.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Role of inflammatory cytokines and the gut microbiome in vascular dementia: insights from Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- The multifaceted roles of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in inflammatory responses - Potential target to regulate neuroinflammation in acute brain injury.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2023Review
- Article
- The Single-Dose Application of Interleukin-4 Ameliorates Secondary Brain Damage in the Early Phase after Moderate Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- White-matter abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction are linked to astrocyte activation in sickle mice.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- Prediction of in-hospital hypokalemia using machine learning and first hospitalization day records in patients with traumatic brain injury.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Article
- Genetic deletion of Krüppel-like factor 11 aggravates traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly followed by long-term cognitive deficits that severely impact the quality of life in survivors. Recent studies suggest that microglial/macrophage (Mi/MΦ) polarization could have multidimensional impacts on post-TBI neurological outcomes. Here, we report that repetitive intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4) nanoparticles for 4 weeks after controlled cortical impact improved hippocampus-dependent spatial and non-spatial cognitive functions in adult C57BL6 mice, as assessed by a battery of neurobehavioral tests for up to 5 weeks after TBI. IL-4-elicited enhancement of cognitive functions was associated with improvements in the integrity of the hippocampus at the functional (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.