ReviewiScience2021
Levels of naturalism in social neuroscience research.
Review in iScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Reviewing digital collaborative interactions with multimodal hyperscanning through an ever-growing database.Frontiers in neuroergonomics · 2026Pooled it
- Canonical decision computations underlie behavioral and neural signatures of cooperation in primates.Neuron · 2026Article
- Sparseness facilitates image encoding across visuo-frontal networks in freely moving macaque.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Covert neural and autonomic signatures of shared perception.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Article
- HR-ACT (Human-Robot Action) Database: Communicative and noncommunicative action videos featuring a human and a humanoid robot.Behavior research methods · 2026Article
- Clarifying the neural circuit mechanisms of spontaneous social behavior in macaques.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2026Article
- Continuous dynamics of cooperation and competition in social decision-making.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Canonical decision computations underlie behavioral and neural signatures of cooperation in primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Reading out bodily cues to predict interactions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- From disconnection to compassion: a phenomenological exploration of embodied empathy in a face-to-face interaction.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Brain bases of real-time social interaction: A meta-analytic investigation of human neuroimaging studies.Aperture neuro · 2025Article
- Altered neural response to social awkwardness in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2024Article
- Development of a Marmoset Apparatus for Automated Pulling to study cooperative behaviors.eLife · 2024Article
- The big mixup: Neural representation during natural modes of primate visual behavior.Current opinion in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Development of a Marmoset Apparatus for Automated Pulling (MarmoAAP) to Study Cooperative Behaviors.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Effects of positive and negative social feedback on motivation, evaluative learning, and socio-emotional processing.NPJ science of learning · 2023Article
- Mobile cognition: imaging the human brain in the 'real world'.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2023Review
- Moving beyond the lab: investigating empathy through the Empirical 5E approach.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Combining wearable fNIRS and immersive virtual reality to study preschoolers' social development: a proof-of-principle study on preschoolers' social preference.Oxford open neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In order to understand ecologically meaningful social behaviors and their neural substrates in humans and other animals, researchers have been using a variety of social stimuli in the laboratory with a goal of extracting specific processes in real-life scenarios. However, certain stimuli may not be sufficiently effective at evoking typical social behaviors and neural responses. Here, we review empirical research employing different types of social stimuli by classifying them into five levels of naturalism. We describe the advantages and limitations while providing selected example studies for each level. We emphasize the important trade-off between experimental control and ecological validity across the five levels of naturalism. Taking advantage of newly emerging tools, such as real-time videos, virtual avatars, and wireless neural sampling techniques, researchers are now more than ever able to adopt social stimuli at a higher level of naturalism to better capture the dynamics and contingency of real-life social interaction.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.