ArticleClinical & translational immunology2021
SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity persists through 9 months irrespective of COVID-19 severity at hospitalisation.
Article in Clinical & translational immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Immunocompromised Individuals.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Observational
- The quantity and quality of B-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children with cancer and hematological diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Distinct Omicron longitudinal memory T cell profile and T cell receptor repertoire associated with COVID-19 hospitalisation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Highly Networked SARS-CoV-2 Peptides Elicit T Cell Responses with Enhanced Specificity.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- Potency assessment of IFNγ-producing SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from COVID-19 convalescent subjects.Life science alliance · 2023Article
- Immune cell landscape in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected adults and children in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh.Immunobiology · 2023Article
- Targeted plasma proteomics reveals signatures discriminating COVID-19 from sepsis with pneumonia.Respiratory research · 2023Article
- Comparable cellular and humoral immunity upon homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens in kidney transplant recipients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Four-Parameter FluoroSpot Assay Reveals That the Varicella Zoster Virus Elicits a Robust Memory T Cell IL-10 Response throughout Childhood.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Article
- Lower SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity in people living with HIV-1 recovered from nonhospitalized COVID-19.JCI insight · 2022Observational
- Article
- Review
- The Karolinska KI/K COVID-19 Immune Atlas: An open resource for immunological research and educational purposes.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2022Article
- Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty?Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- T follicular helper cells in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T cell responses one year after COVID-19 and the booster effect of vaccination: A prospective cohort study.The Journal of infection · 2022Article
- Fitness of B-Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 WT and Variants Up to One Year After Mild COVID-19 - A Comprehensive Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Annotating Spike Protein Polymorphic Amino Acids of Variants of SARS-CoV-2, Including Omicron.Biochemistry research international · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesHumoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following COVID-19 will likely contribute to protection from reinfection or severe disease. It is therefore important to characterise the initiation and persistence of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 amidst the ongoing pandemic.
methodsHere, we conducted a longitudinal study on hospitalised moderate and severe COVID-19 patients from the acute phase of disease into convalescence at 5 and 9 months post-symptom onset. Utilising flow cytometry, serological assays as well as B cell and T cell FluoroSpot assays, we assessed the magnitude and specificity of humoral and cellular immune responses during and after human SARS-CoV-2 infection.
resultsDuring acute COVID-19, we observed an increase in germinal centre activity, a substantial expansion of antibody-secreting cells and the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising antibodies. Despite gradually decreasing antibody levels, we show persistent, neutralising antibody titres as well as robust specific memory B cell responses and polyfunctional T cell responses at 5 and 9 months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients.
conclusionOur findings describe the initiation and, importantly, persistence of cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory in hospitalised COVID-19 patients long after recovery, likely contributing towards protection against reinfection.
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