ArticleScientific reports2021
A longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 lockdown stringency on sleep and resting heart rate measures across 20 countries.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Persistent Sleep Disturbance Following Pandemic Lockdowns: Longitudinal Findings From the UK COVID-19 Symptom Study Biobank.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Sleep timing irregularity in midlife: association with incident major adverse cardiac events and cardiovascular disease mortality over a 10-year follow-up.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- A longitudinal study of sleep in university freshmen: facilitating and impeding factors.Sleep · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessment of autonomic function in patient with COVID-19 and other infectious diseases using a wearable smart band connected to a mobile application.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sleep During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Observational Study Combining Multisensor Data With Questionnaires.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Observational
- Physiological presentation and risk factors of long COVID in the UK using smartphones and wearable devices: a longitudinal, citizen science, case-control study.The Lancet. Digital health · 2024Article
- The 2023 wearable photoplethysmography roadmap.Physiological measurement · 2023Review
- Article
- Resting heart rate is a population-level biomarker of cardiorespiratory fitness: The Fenland Study.PloS one · 2023Article
- Working-from-home persistently influences sleep and physical activity 2 years after the Covid-19 pandemic onset: a longitudinal sleep tracker and electronic diary-based study.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The prevalence of insomnia in different COVID-19 policy phases: Longitudinal evidence from ITA.LI - Italian Lives.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Autonomic Dysfunction during Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Detection and Monitoring of Viral Infections via Wearable Devices and Biometric Data.Annual review of biomedical engineering · 2022Review
- Prior sleep-wake behaviors are associated with mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic among adult users of a wearable device in the United States.Sleep health · 2022Article
- Article
- Potential of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications in building a smart healthcare system: A systematic review.Journal of oral biology and craniofacial researchArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Lockdowns imposed to stem the spread of COVID-19 massively disrupted the daily routines of many worldwide, but studies to date have been mostly confined to observations within a limited number of countries, based on subjective reports and surveys from specific time periods during the pandemic. We investigated associations between lockdown stringency and objective sleep and resting-heart rate measures in ~ 113,000 users of a consumer sleep tracker across 20 countries from Jan to Jul 2020, compared to an equivalent period in 2019. With stricter lockdown measures, midsleep times were universally delayed, particularly on weekdays, while midsleep variability and resting heart rate declined. These shifts (midsleep: + 0.09 to + 0.58 h; midsleep variability: - 0.12 to - 0.26 h; resting heart rate: - 0.35 to - 2.08 bpm) correlated with the severity of lockdown across different countries (all Ps < 0.001) and highlight the graded influence of stringency lockdowns on human physiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.