Trial reportCell2021
Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status.
Trial report in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 753 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Microbiota-targeted Dietary Strategies to Reduce Inflammatory Markers of Americans: High Fiber vs Fermented Food
Can Low-fat/high-fiber or Fermented Diet Modulate the Gut Microbiome to Improve Surgical Outcomes?
Gut Health Enhancement by Eating Favourable Food
Evaluating the Effects of a Fermented Diet on Microbiome Diversity in Individuals With Long COVID
Improving Health Outcomes With Kefir
Who cites it
753 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,192 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Butyrate in People with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Related Metabolic Comorbidities: A Systematic Review.Current obesity reports · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Dietary interventions and the gut microbiota: a systematic literature review of 80 controlled clinical trials.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Fermented foods consumption, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Global research status and development trends of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gut microbiota: a comprehensive analysis based on bibliometrics and knowledge visualization.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbial diversity at baseline conditions the clinical, microbiome, and metabolic response to paraprobioticGut microbes · 2026Trial
- Fermented foods and inflammation: a crossover intervention trial with fresh and pasteurized sauerkraut.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- The Effects of a Powdered Meal Replacement on Inflammation, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolism in People With Excess Body Weight-A Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Functional gut microbiome signatures underlying interindividual variability in metabolic responses to red raspberry consumption.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- A retrospectively registered pilot randomized controlled trial of postbiotic administration during antibiotic treatment increases microbiome diversity and enriches health-associated taxa.Infection and immunity · 2026Trial
- Effects of gochujang formulations on menopausal symptoms and gut microbiota in postmenopausal women: an 8-week randomized, double-blind trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Gut microbiomes of tribal communities in India vary with dairy and grain consumption.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Decoding the microbiome: artificial intelligence-targeted gut microenvironment breakthroughs in personalized cancer therapy.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates acute pancreatitis viaGut microbes · 2026Article
- Diet, gut microbiome, and type 1 diabetes: from risk to translational opportunity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- PD-1 blockade promotes mucosal CD4+ T cell IL-10 production through altering microbiota to reduce intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-associated nutritional-immune status predicts prognosis in postoperative NSCLC patients.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Colorectal cancer landscape from gut microbiota: Insights into mutations, epigenetic dysregulation, and immune microenvironment alterations.Virulence · 2026Review
- Microbiome ecology and antibiotic treatment failure: resistance spread, microbial competition and community engineering.Microbial genomics · 2026Review
- In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion and Gut Fermentation of Atlantic Forest Fruit-Flavored Kombucha: Gut Microbiota Dynamics and Bioactive Compound Bioaccessibility.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
693 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diet modulates the gut microbiome, which in turn can impact the immune system. Here, we determined how two microbiota-targeted dietary interventions, plant-based fiber and fermented foods, influence the human microbiome and immune system in healthy adults. Using a 17-week randomized, prospective study (n = 18/arm) combined with -omics measurements of microbiome and host, including extensive immune profiling, we found diet-specific effects. The high-fiber diet increased microbiome-encoded glycan-degrading carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) despite stable microbial community diversity. Although cytokine response score (primary outcome) was unchanged, three distinct immunological trajectories in high-fiber consumers corresponded to baseline microbiota diversity. Alternatively, the high-fermented-food diet steadily increased microbiota diversity and decreased inflammatory markers. The data highlight how coupling dietary interventions to deep and longitudinal immune and microbiome profiling can provide individualized and population-wide insight. Fermented foods may be valuable in countering the decreased microbiome diversity and increased inflammation pervasive in industrialized society.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.