ReviewDiabetologia2021
HDL and type 2 diabetes: the chicken or the egg?
Review in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma lipidic fingerprint associated with type 2 diabetes in patients with coronary heart disease: CORDIOPREV study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023Trial
- Coronary artery calcification in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: biochemical and inflammatory insights from the Pakistani Population - a case-control study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Population-based genome-wide association study of plasma complex lipid species.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Dried blood spot sample extraction for metabolomics and proteomics profiling for clinical trials: a descriptive exploratory study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association between high-density lipoprotein-related inflammation index and prevalence of sleep disorders with depression as a mediator.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Urine Exosome Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase as a Biomarker for Diabetes Diagnosis and Dyslipidemia.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Article
- A Nonlinear Association Between Gamma-Glutamyltransferase to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Arterial Stiffness in Japanese Population: A Secondary Analysis Based on a Cross-Sectional Study.Vascular health and risk management · 2026Article
- COVID-19 and dysregulated cholesterol levels in Type I and Type II diabetes: focus on the difference.Biologia futura · 2025Review
- Association between hs-CRP/HDL-C ratio and risk of prediabetes or diabetes: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2015-2023.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Association between neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio and prevalence and mortality of diabetes: a cross-sectional study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Establishing a Dual Murine Model to Explore the Interactions Between Diabetes and Periodontitis in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Inverse relationship between circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate and precursor species and coronary artery calcification score in type 2 diabetes.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Observational
- Deciphering the Association: Critical HDL-C Levels and Their Impact on the Glycation Gap in People Living with HIV.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Using clustering of genetic variants in Mendelian randomization to interrogate the causal pathways underlying multimorbidity from a common risk factor.Genetic epidemiology · 2025Article
- Evaluating Red Blood Cells' Membrane Fluidity in Diabetes: Insights, Mechanisms, and Future Aspects.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Non-linear association of the uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes effect modification in Chinese adults: a secondary analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between fasting glucose/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular disease risk in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Association between hs-CRP/HDL with type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged and elderly people: a cross-sectional study from CHARLS.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
HDL is a complex macromolecular cluster of various components, such as apolipoproteins, enzymes and lipids. Quality evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies led to the principle that HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely correlated with the risk of CHD. Nevertheless, the failure of many cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors to protect against CVD casts doubts on this principle and highlights the fact that HDL functionality, as dictated by its proteome and lipidome, also plays an important role in protecting against metabolic disorders. Recent data indicate that HDL-C levels and HDL particle functionality are correlated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a major risk factor for CVD. Hyperglycaemia leads to reduced HDL-C levels and deteriorated HDL functionality, via various alterations in HDL particles' proteome and lipidome. In turn, reduced HDL-C levels and impaired HDL functionality impact the performance of key organs related to glucose homeostasis, such as pancreas and skeletal muscles. Interestingly, different structural alterations in HDL correlate with distinct metabolic abnormalities, as indicated by recent data evaluating the role of apolipoprotein A1 and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in glucose homeostasis. While it is becoming evident that not all HDL disturbances are causatively associated with the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, a bidirectional correlation between these two conditions exists, leading to a perpetual self-feeding cycle.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.