ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2022
Association between adolescent oral contraceptive use and future major depressive disorder: a prospective cohort study.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of mental health conditions and symptoms on contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women: a scoping review.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- Adolescent Hormonal Contraceptive Use in the Context of Brain Development and Depression Risk: A Review and Considerations for Future Research.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Circadian rhythm entrainment factors and premenstrual syndrome: a cross-sectional study of the roles of light exposure, exercise, and meal timing.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Hormonal contraceptives and EEG biomarkers for antidepressant treatment response in women.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Identifying psychiatric comorbidities that occur following the introduction of hormonal contraception: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Hormonal contraception and mental health: a narrative review of screening, monitoring, and patient-centered care for family physicians.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Research Review: Are sampling biases masking long-term effects of hormonal contraceptive use in adolescence on risk for depression?Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Review
- Anxiety, depression and perseverative cognition in women cycling naturally or taking oral contraceptives - a diary study.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Sex- and gender-responsive management of anxiety disorders: future pathways for research, education, policy and practice.The Medical journal of Australia · 2025Review
- Hormonal contraceptives in adolescence impact the neuroimmune environment of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in female rats.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- The link between sex hormones and depression over a woman's lifespan (Review).Biomedical reports · 2025Review
- Steroid hormone levels vary with sex, aging, lifestyle, and genetics.Science advances · 2025Article
- Postpartum Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Risk of Depression.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Affective Disorders: An Updated Review.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- Beyond Birth Control: The Neuroscience of Hormonal Contraceptives.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Population-based cohort study of oral contraceptive use and risk of depression.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2023Article
- Morphologic alterations of the fear circuitry: the role of sex hormones and oral contraceptives.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- The Impact of Nicotine along with Oral Contraceptive Exposure on Brain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Female Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Allopregnanolone Response to Acute Stress in Females: Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Assessing the role of adolescent hormonal contraceptive use on risk for depression: a 3-year longitudinal study protocol.BMC women's health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBecause of the widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and the devastating effects of depression both on an individual and a societal level, it is crucial to understand the nature of the previously reported relationship between OC use and depression risk. Insight into the impact of analytical choices on the association is important when interpreting available evidence. Hence, we examined the association between adolescent OC use and subsequent depression risk in early adulthood analyzing all theoretically justifiable models.
methodsData from the prospective cohort study TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, among women aged 13-25 years were used. Adolescent OC use (ages 16-19 years) was used as a predictor and major depressive disorder (MDD) in early adulthood (ages 20-25 years), as assessed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV oriented Lifetime Depression Assessment Self-Report and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, was used as an outcome. A total of 818 analytical models were analyzed using Specification Curve Analysis in 534 adolescent OC users and 191 nonusers.
resultsOverall, there was an association of adolescent OC use and an episode of MDD in early adulthood [median odds ratio (OR)
conclusionsIn summary, adolescent OC use was associated with a small but robust increased risk for experiencing an episode of MDD, especially among women with no history of MDD in adolescence. Understanding the potential side effects of OCs will help women and their doctors to make informed choices when deciding among possible methods of birth control.
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Registered trials
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