Observational studyNature2021
Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans.
Erratum issuedOpen access · bronzeAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in Nature, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 376 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
376citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
28.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
376 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 550 citations in OpenAlex.
- Takotsubo syndrome and vaccines: a systematic review.ESC heart failure · 2024Pooled it
- Early transcriptional responses following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.EBioMedicine · 2026Trial
- Dissociation between humoral and multi-omic immune responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccination in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Pediatric Pneumococcus and Hepatitis A Vaccinations With or Without a High-Dose Oral Vitamin A Supplement.Biomolecules · 2025Trial
- Shared clinical and immunologic features of mRNA vaccines: preliminary results from a comparative clinical study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Interim analysis of a phase 1 randomized clinical trial on the safety and immunogenicity of the mRNA-1283 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Review
- Spatiotemporal heterologous vaccination relies on type I interferons at priming to enhance mucosal immunity.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- COVID-19 vaccination around immune checkpoint inhibitor start and survival in a nationwide cohort of patients with cancer.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- A targeted metabolic intervention via exercise applied after vaccination shapes kinetics and durability of serum antibody accompanied by a distinct immunometabolic signature: pilot study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines as Antigen-Agnostic Immunomodulators: A Repurposing Perspective.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Narrative Review of Nanomaterial Interactions in Plants with a Focus on Multi-Omics and Epigenetic Remodeling.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- New approach methodologies (NAMs) for preclinical and translational evaluation of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) therapeutics.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Review
- Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving First-Line Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Real-World Evidence from Romania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Defining Composition-Cytokine Relationships Enables the Design of Lipid Nanoparticles with Programmed Immunogenicity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Role of CD4 T Cell Repertoire and Immune Memory Mechanisms in Vaccination and Infection Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Review
- Manganese Pyrophosphate Mineralized DNA Nanovaccine Elicits Potent Humoral and Cellular Immunity.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Ganoderma lucidum spore powder enhances IFN-α-mediated antiviral capacity of COVID-19 vaccine boosters revealed by single-cell multi-omics sequencing.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
316 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Update of
Authors and funding
38 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Prabhu S Arunachalam *Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-5689
Madeleine K D Scott *Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Thomas Hagan *Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5254-5251
Chunfeng LiInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Yupeng FengInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8550-2787
Florian WimmersInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-2228
Lilit GrigoryanInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Meera TrisalInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Venkata Viswanadh EdaraYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9321-7839
Lilin LaiYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sarah Esther ChangInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Allan FengInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Shaurya DhingraInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Mihir ShahSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Alexandra S LeeSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4526-3800
Sharon ChinthrajahSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sayantani B SindherSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Vamsee MallajosyulaInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-3652
Fei GaoInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Natalia SigalInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sangeeta KowliInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sheena GuptaInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Kathryn PellegriniYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Gregory TharpYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-755X
Sofia Maysel-AuslenderInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sydney HamiltonYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Hadj AouedYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kevin HrusovskyQuanterix, Billerica, MA, USA.
Mark RoskeyQuanterix, Billerica, MA, USA.
Steven E BosingerDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-5061
Holden T MaeckerInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Scott D BoydSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0963-044X
Mark M DavisInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6868-657X
Paul J UtzInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1181-1565
Mehul S SutharYerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Purvesh KhatriInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. pkhatri@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-4708
Kari C NadeauSean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. knadeau@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955
Bali PulendranInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. bpulend@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-4333
Stanford University · USEmory National Primate Research CenterInstitute of Infection and Immunity · CAQuanterix (United States) · USCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center · USEmory University · USHoward Hughes Medical Institute · US
Funding
Yerkes National Primate Research Center Role of type-I IFN in regulating COVID-19 induced inflammation and pathogenesisP51OD011132 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Joon Sup Lee · 2012 to 2026
$167.0MUsing a tonsil organoid system to probe conditions for the induction of protective antibody and T cell responses to influenza.U19AI057229 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Mark Morris Davis · 2003 to 2026
$88.5MVACCINE INDUCED IMMUNITY IN THE YOUNG AND AGEDU19AI057266 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Rafi Ahmed · 2003 to 2026
$81.7MSystems Biological Analysis of Innate and Adaptive Responses to VaccinationU19AI090023 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI AHMED, RAFI, LI, SHUZHAO · 2010 to 2021
$45.0MComputational models of naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malariaU01AI150741 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI BUTTE, ATUL J, GREENHOUSE, BRYAN R · 2020 to 2024
$7.4MSimultaneous antigen receptor repertoire profiling and single-cell transcriptomics in T and B lymphocytes from limited clinical samplesU24AI120134 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI BOSINGER, STEVEN EDWARD · 2015 to 2024
$6.5MGiant MagnetoResistive (GMR) Sensors for Measuring Influenza VaccineR01AI125197 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI UTZ, PAUL JOSEPH, WANG, SHAN X. · 2016 to 2021
$5.0MMICROBES, DENDRITIC CELL SUBSETS AND T-CELL IMMUNITYR01AI048638 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI PULENDRAN, BALI · 2001 to 2024
$4.5MIllumina NovaSeq 6000 High Throughput DNA Sequencer for Emory UniversityS10OD026799 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI BOSINGER, STEVEN EDWARD · 2019 to 2019
$985kNIAID NIH HHS R01 AI048638NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI125197NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI150741NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057229NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057266NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI090023NIAID NIH HHS U24 AI120134NIH HHS P51 OD011132NIH HHS R01 AI125197-04NIH HHS S10 OD026799NIH HHS U01 AI150741-01S1
Abstract
The emergency use authorization of two mRNA vaccines in less than a year from the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 represents a landmark in vaccinology
Indexed as
Adaptive ImmunityImmunity, InnateVaccinologyAdultAgedAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralAutoantibodiesBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesFemaleHumansImmunization, SecondaryMaleMiddle AgedAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralAutoantibodiesBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19 VaccinesSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Identifiers
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.