ReviewPhysiology & behavior2021
Cephalic phase insulin release: A review of its mechanistic basis and variability in humans.
Review in Physiology & behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-nutritive sweeteners attenuate reinforced cephalic phase insulin release and impair glucose tolerance in mice.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2026Article
- Artificial and Other Non-Nutritive Sweeteners, the Microbiome, and Cardiometabolic Health.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Noncanonical Taste Transduction of Sugars Elicits Responses in a Dedicated Subset of Gustatory Afferent Neurons.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Chocolate odor enhances resistance exercise performance through appetite suppression in the fasted state: an exploratory study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Mice Condition Cephalic Insulin Responses to the Flavor of Different Laboratory Chows.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Insular cortex predictions regulate glucose homeostasis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Artificial Sweeteners: A Double-Edged Sword for Gut Microbiome.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Neural and hormonal mechanisms of appetite regulation during eating.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Could Insulin Be a Better Regulator of Appetite/Satiety Balance and Body Weight Maintenance in Response to Glucose Exposure Compared to Sucrose Substitutes? Unraveling Current Knowledge and Searching for More Appropriate Choices.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Molecular cell types as functional units of the efferent vagus nerve.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Sugar signals from oral glucose transporters elicit cephalic-phase insulin release in mice.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2023Article
- Early-life influences of low-calorie sweetener consumption on sugar taste.Physiology & behavior · 2023Review
- The elusive cephalic phase insulin response: triggers, mechanisms, and functions.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Use of c-peptide as a measure of cephalic phase insulin release in humans.Physiology & behavior · 2022Article
- Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects.Nutrients · 2022Article
- The Effect of Artificial Sweeteners Use on Sweet Taste Perception and Weight Loss Efficacy: A Review.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR) is a transient pulse of insulin that occurs within minutes of stimulation from foods or food-related stimuli. Despite decades of research on CPIR in humans, the body of literature surrounding this phenomenon is controversial due in part to contradictory findings . This has slowed progress towards understanding the sensory and neural basis of CPIR, as well as its overall relevance to health. This review examines up-to-date knowledge in CPIR research and identifies sources of CPIR variability in humans in an effort to guide future research. The review starts by defining CPIR and discussing its presumed functional roles in glucose homeostasis and feeding behavior. Next, the types of stimuli that have been reported to elicit CPIR, as well as the sensory and neural mechanisms underlying the response in rodents and humans are discussed, and areas where knowledge is limited are identified. Finally, factors that may contribute to the observed variability of CPIR in humans are examined, including experimental design, test procedure, and individual characteristics. Overall, oral stimulation appears to be important for eliciting CPIR, especially when combined with other sensory modalities (vision, olfaction, somatosensation). While differences in experimental design and testing procedure likely explain some of the observed inter- and intra-study variability, individual differences also appear to play an important role. Understanding sources of these individual differences in CPIR will be key for establishing its health relevance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.